تعریف گرامر

گرامر چیست؟
گرامر سیستم هر زبان است. مردم بعضی وقتها گرامر را به عنوان "قوانین " یک زبان تعبیر می کنند. ولی واقعا هیچ زبانی قانون ندارد. اگر ما از لغت قانون استفاده کنیم، اینطور به نظر می رسد که کسی قانون را بوجود آورده و بعد زبان را صحبت کردیم، مثل بازیهای جدید. ولی زبانها به این صورت بوجود نیامدند.
زبان بوسیله مردم بوجود آمد که صدا را به تدریج به لغت و جمله تبدیل کردند. هیچ زبانی ثابت نیست و تمام زبانها در طول زمان تغییر می کنند. چیزی که ما آنرا گرامر می خوانیم، به صورت ساده انعکاس یک زبان در یک زمان خاص است.
آیا لازم است که گرامر را یاد بگیریم؟؟؟ جواب سریع این است که "خیر" . مردم زیادی در دنیا بدون اینکه بدانند گرامر چیست زبان خودشان را صحبت می کنند. بچه ها قبل از اینکه لغت گرامر را بدانند صحبت می کنند.
ولی اگه شما برای یاد گیری یک زبان خارجی مصمم هستید، جواب بهتر "بله " است. گرامر نی تواند کمک کند که یک زبان را بهتر و سریع تر یاد بگیرید. مهمه که شما به گرامر به عنوان وسیله ای برای یادگیری بهتر نگاه کنید.مثل یک دوست. وقتی شما گرامر یک زبان را یاد گرفتید، خیلی چیزها را می توانید خودتان یاد بگیرید، بدون اینکه از مجبور باشید از معلم بپرسید یا در کتاب نگاه کنید.
بنابراین به گرامر به عنوان یک وسیله خوب، مثبت نگاه کنید به عنوان وسیله ای که می توانید به کمک آن راه خود را پیدا کنید. مثل نقشه.

جمله چیست؟ جمله عبارتست از مجموعه چند کلمه که روی هم معنا و مفهوم درستی داشته باشند. اجزای جمله کدام است؟ اجزاء جمله عبارتند از فاعل، فعل، مفعول،قید مکان و قید زمان 1- فاعل ( Subject) فاعل به معنای کننده کار است و از دو قسمت تشکیل شده. یا اسم است یا ضمیر. اگر ضمیر باشد حتما از نوع ضمیر فاعلی خواهد بود . جدول ضمائر فاعلی در زیر نشان داده شده است. الف: اسم noun مانند Jack, Mary, John , … ب: ضمیر pronoun جدول ضمائر فاعلی: Singular................ Plural I ............... we You ........... You He She ............ They It 2- فعل Verb فعل کلمه ای است که بر انجام کاری و یا روی دادن حالتی دلالت می کند. فعل از کلمه ای به نام مصدر گرفته شده. علامت مصدر زبان انگلیسی To است. با برداشتن To از ابتدای مصدر، مصدر بدون To خواهیم داشت. هر کدام از ضمائر فاعلی را به جای To قرار دهیم، یک جمله ساده انگلیسی خواهیم داشت. To go مصدر، رفتن Go مصدر بدون To I go جمله ساده، من می روم. 3- مفعول Object مفعول کلمه ای است که کار فعل بر روی آن واقع می شود. مفعول می تواند دو حالت داشته باشد. یا اسم است و یا ضمیر. اگر ضمیر باشد حتما باید از نوع ضمیر مفعولی باشد. جدول ضمائر مفعولی در زیر نشان داده شده است. جدول ضمائر مفعولی: Singular...... Plural Me ................Us You .............You Him Her............... Them It مثال: I see them We like ice-cream 4- قید مکان Adverb of place قید مکان کلمه ای است که مکان وقوع فعل را نشان می دهد I go to school 5- قید زمان Adverb of time قید زمان کلمه ای است که زمان انجام کار را نشان می دهد. I play in the yard everyday صفات ملکی: Possessive Adjectives صفت ملکی کلمه ای است که اسم را توصیف می کند و در انگلیسی بر عکس فارسی ابتدا صفت می آید و سپس موصوف. اسم (موصوف).......... صفت Red ......... apple Blue ..........pen Tall ........... boy Little.......... girl Big .............class Kind........... mother My ........... mother Your........... bag یکی از تقسیمات صفت، صفات ملکی هستند که مالکیت را می رسانند. و همیشه قبل از اسم قرار می گیرند. جدول صفات ملکی به شرح زیر می باشد. جدول ضمائر مفعولی: Singular ........ Plural My ........... Our Your ..........Your His Her ............ Their Its مثالهای این بخش: My mother is kind My father and UI watch T.V She and her sister go to the restaurant He and her father help you and your brother

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درس ششم تمرین لغات ضروری تافل

Time Efficiency

Target Words

1. adjust                          6. maximize

2. arbitrary                       7. parallel

3. denominator                 8. proportion

4. exponentially                 9. rate

5. infinitesimal                   10. sequence

Definitions and Samples

1. adjust v. To change; to get accustomed to something

Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the

new time zone.

Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj

2. arbitrary adj. Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific

reason

The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was

arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns.

Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv

3. denominator n. The number written below the line in a fraction

In the fraction 1⁄2, the number 2 is the denominator.

Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means “the most

basic and unsophisticated things that most people share.”

Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj

. exponentially adv. At a very fast rate

In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the

last several decades.

Usage tips Exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an

exponent is a number indicating how many times something is

multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent “3,”

indicating 4 × 4 × 4.

Parts of speech exponent n, exponential adj

5. infinitesimal adj. Immeasurably small

The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the

water was safe to drink.

Parts of speech infinitesimally adv

6. maximize v. To increase or make as great as possible

A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential.

Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj

7. parallel adj. Being an equal distance apart everywhere

The street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town.

Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to.

Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv

8. proportion n. A part in relation to the whole

The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday

answering e-mails.

Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of.

Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv

9. rate n. The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that

happens in a certain time.

Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world.

 

Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day.

Parts of speech rate v, rating n

10. sequence v. To organize or arrange in succession

Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the

boxes.

Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with

the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

adjust arbitrary denominator infinitesimal rate

1. Students felt that the exam was unfair and the grading system was

rather __________.

2. The __________ of increase in prices made it difficult for people to afford

basic goods.

3. Politicians promised great changes in the coming year, but any improvement

in people’s lives was __________.

4. She quickly overcame her culture shock and found it easy to

__________ to the new country.

5. You can add two fractions that have the same __________.

TOEFL Prep II Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the

letter in the blank.

1. arbitrary (a) mix up

2. maximize (b) intersecting

3. sequence (c) minimize

4. infinitesimal (d) huge

5. parallel (e) planned out

Time Efficiency 25

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Time is, as we all know, money. Such valuation of time leads people to

extreme efforts to maximize their use of time. Some people obsess over

knowing the exact time.They buy clocks and watches that

automatically adjust themselves over the Internet or by radio

waves.These measurements allow them infinitesimal accuracy

in dealing with time. Regardless of how one tracks time, most

people share a common goal: They want to use time

effectively. Since about 1982, this efficiency has increased

exponentially each year, thanks to computers and their ability to

multitask. In multitasking, a computer executes several different tasks in

parallel. Rather than being set arbitrarily, each task is given a priority in

the computer’s operating system, and time is spent in proportion to the

priority of the task.The computer executes different sequences of tasks at

different clock cycles, thereby increasing the rate of output from a process.

1. Why does the author mention computer multitasking in this article?

a. because it is new

b. because it measures time better than any clock

c. because it helps people to arrange their activities sequentially

d. because it is a good example of the efficient use of time

2. The underlined word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning to

a. styles

b. lengths

c. orderings

d. difficulty levels

 

TOEFL Prep I 1. arbitrary 2. rate 3. infinitesimal 4. adjust

5. denominator

TOEFL Prep II 1. e 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. c

دوستان و علاقمندان به یادگیری زبان ان شاءالله در روزهای تعطیل قسمت های متنوعی را اضافه خواهیم کرد.

نمونه سوال درس ششم سال اول دبیرستان

1 – Your father is a doctor , …..?
1) isn't he
2) don't he
3) doesn't he
4) didn't he

2 – You cant drive a car,………..?
1) don’t you
2) do you
3) can't you
4)can you

3- They play football at school on Fridays………?
1) do they
2) don't they
3) did they
4) can they

4-…………is some bread on the table, isn't there?
1) it
2) they
3) that
4) threre

5-she doesn't understand the sentences ,……?
1)did she
2) does she
3) can she
4) can it

6- They must speak English in class,…..?
1) couldn't they
2) shouldn't they
3) mustn't they
4) don't they

7 – you were very busy yesterday,……?
1) were you
2) did you
3) weren’t you
4) didn't you

8 – I can't see anything because the room is very………
1)dark
2)dirty
3) hot
4) nice

9 - ……….rises from fire.
1) could
2) hot water
3) smoke
4) steam

10 – If you want to ….. you must study hard.
1) member
2) succeed
3) chang into
4) get up  

پاسخ	سوال
1	1
4	2
2	3
4	4
2	5
3	6
3	7
1	8
3	9
2	10

گرامر درس ششم اول دبیرستان در مورد سوالی کوتاه یا tag question

1 – question tag يك دنبا ل سؤالي است كه به آخر يك عبارت اضافه مي شود. براي ساختن اين دنبال سؤالي از افعال كمكي بهره مي گيريم. اگر جمله مثبت باشد. دنبال سؤالي منفي خواهد بود و اگر جمله منفي باشد دنباله سؤالي مثبت خواهد بود. فاعل دنبال سؤالي يك ضمير است. مانند :

شما معلم هستيد، مگر نه ؟

You are a teacher , aren't you?


آنها در تهران زندگي مي كنند، مگرنه؟

They live a Tehran , don't they ?

آنها در يك كارخانه كار مي كردند، مگرنه؟

They worked in a factory, didn't they?

او مي تواند انگليسي صحبت كند،‌مگرنه ؟

She can speak English, cant she?

2- همانطور كه ملاحظه مي كنيد دنباله سؤالي همواره «مگرنه» يا «اينطورنيست» ترجمه مي شود.

3 – اگر جمله با اسم شروع شود در دنباله سؤالي از ضمير مربوط به آن استفاده مي شود: مانند :

علي در يك كتابخانه كار مي كند، مگر نه ؟

Ali works in a library, doesn't he?

4 – اگرجمله با this يا that شروع شود در دنبال سؤالي از ضمير مربوط به آن يعني It استفاده مي شود. مانند :

آن خانه شما است مگرنه ؟

That is your house, isn't it ?

5- اگر جمله با these يا those شروع شود، در دنباله سؤالي از ضمير مربوط به آن يعني they ‌استفاده مي شود. مانند :

آنها دانش آموز هستند، مگر نه ؟

Those are students, aren't they?

6 – به چند مثال ديگر توجه كنيد :

آنها ديروز نيامدند ،مگر نه ؟

They didn't come late, did they?

او در تهران زندگي نمي كند، مگرنه؟

she doesn't live Tehran, does she?

شما نمي توانيد به من كمك كنيد، مگر نه؟

You can't help me, can you?

مقداري آب در ليوان وجود دارد، مگرنه ؟

There is some water in the glass, isn’t there?

درختان زيادي در پارك وجود دارند، مگرنه ؟

There are trees in the park, aren't there?

Looking for a nice roommate By . M. Azimy

I have a good house in the city center. My house is roomy. There is a big yard, garden and pool in my house.       

There is a big library room next to the living room to study.

there is a gas station in my neighborhood and there is dance club opposite my house that we can relaxing after the test. I have a nice neighbor. I like pets, I have two cats and two rabbit in my garden and I have a big aquarium in my living room that has ten goldfish and small turtle you can bring pet with yourself. I live alone, I need a roommate. I'm friendly don't like to live with shy person I like to listen pop music a loud in my free time, I sleep early and get up early there is an excellent park near my house, I usually go for exercise there. I really like tennis but I can play, because I'm alone.

I have a server; she comes on Sunday to clean the house. So we just make food.

I think its cool to live there.

Call me at …… just on Friday.

Looking for a nice roommate By . H. Kereidy

I am a college student. I have just needed two roommates to share 3 bedrooms.

The apartment on the corner of 4th avenue and Mine Street. There is a library next to the apartment and there is an excellent grocery store opposite the apartment.

 There are many parking around the apartment and there are a lot of restaurant near the apartment.

There is a nice Mexican restaurant next to the library. The apartment is on 4th floor, so there isn't any noise there.

Right now I would tell you about my particular and what things you should do. I'm a quiet person and I don't like talkative person.

I usually get up late because I always take the telescope and watching the stars before going to bed, that place is good to take the telescope and watching the sky.

When I study I like quiet house so, that I can study carefully.

I don't like dirty house, so you will help me to clean the house. I usually stay at home and watch TV in my free time. I never watch horror film I almost always watch comedy, news program and listen to pop music.

I have classes on Saturday, Monday and Tuesday then we can take a party on weekend.

If you like to be my roommate, call me at ………

 

چگونه پیشرفت کنیم.

 

این متن تجربه یک شخص موفق را شرح داده است که به زمان گذشته نوشته شده است لطفا متن را مطالعه کنید و با نحوه شرح حال نیز آشنا شوید. امیدوارم مورد توجه شما قرار گیرد.  

When I was 18, I left high school without graduating. My first job was as a dishwasher in the back of a small hotel. From there, I moved on to washing cars, and then washing floors with a janitorial service. For the next few years, I drifted and worked at various laboring jobs, earning my living by the sweat of my brow. I worked in sawmills and factories. I worked on farms and ranches. I worked in the tall timber with a chain saw and dug wells when the logging season ended.

I worked as a construction laborer on tall buildings, and as a seaman on a Norwegian Freighter in the North Atlantic. Often I slept in my car, or in cheap rooming houses. When I was 23, I was working as an itinerant farm laborer during the harvest, sleeping on the hay in the barn and eating with the farmer’s family. I was uneducated, unskilled, and at the end of the harvest, unemployed once more.

When I could no longer find a laboring job, I got a job in straight commission sales, cold calling from office-to-office and from door-to-door. I would often work all day long to make a single sale so that I could pay for my rooming house and have a place to sleep that night. This was not a great start at life.

The Day My Life Changed

Then one day, I took out a piece of paper and wrote down an outrageous goal for myself. It was to earn $1,000 per month in door-to-door and office-to-office selling. I folded up the piece of paper, put it away and never found it again.

But 30 days later, my entire life had changed. During that time, I discovered a technique for closing sales that tripled my income from the very first day. Meanwhile, the owner of my company sold out to an entrepreneur who had just moved into town. Exactly thirty days after I had written down my goal, he took me aside and offered me $1,000 per month to head up the sales force and teach the other people what it was that I was doing that enabled me to be selling so much more than anyone else. I accepted his offer and from that day forward, my life was never the same.

Within eighteen months, I had moved from that job to another, and then to another. I went from personal selling to becoming a sales manager with people selling for me. I recruited and built a 95 person sales force. I went literally from worrying about my next meal to walking around with a pocket full of $20 dollar bills.

I began teaching my salespeople how to write out their goals, and how to sell more effectively. In almost no time at all, they doubled and tripled and increased their incomes as much as ten times. Many of them are today millionaires and multi-millionaires.

It’s important to note that, since those days in my mid-20s, my life has not been a smooth series of upward steps. It has included many ups and downs, marked by occasional successes and temporary failures. I have traveled, lived and worked in more than 80 countries, learning French, German and Spanish along the way, and working in 22 different fields.

As the result of inexperience, and sometimes sheer stupidity, I have spent or lost everything I made and had to start over again - several times. In every case when this happened, I would begin by sitting down with a piece of paper and laying out a new set of goals for myself, using the methods that I’ll explain in the pages ahead.

After several years of hit and miss goal setting and goal achieving, I finally decided to collect everything I had learned into a single system. By assembling these ideas and strategies in one place, I

developed a goal setting methodology and process, with a beginning, middle and end, and began to follow it every day.

 

 

درس دوم در مورد DISASTER (بلا)

Disaster

Target Words

1. anticipate       پیش بینی کردن                              flood: سیل        

2. catastrophic           فاجعه آمیز                              Impactپیچیدن – ضربه زدن     

3. collide                 تصادف کردن                             Persevereادامه دادن           

4. eruption           جوش – فوران                               Plunge      فرو رفتن – فرود آمدن   

5. famine                     قحطی                                Unleashرها کردن                

 

Definitions and Samples

1. anticipate v. To expect; to sense something before it happens

By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate

some tremors in time to warn the public.

Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipatory adj

 

2. catastrophic adj. Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical

ruin

The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident.

Parts of speech catastrophe n, catastrophically adv

 

3. collide v. To come together with great or violent force

As usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on politics

collided with their own.

Parts of speech collision n

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

 

4. eruption n. A sudden, often violent, outburst

The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and

immeasurable change to the face of the mountain.

Usage tips Eruption is often followed by an of phrase.

Parts of speech erupt v

 

5. famine n. Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage

The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused

large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America.

 

6. flood n. An overflowing of water; an excessive amount

The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town.

The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their

opponents.

Parts of speech flood v

 

7. impact n. A strong influence

The speech about the importance of education made an impact

on me.

Usage tips Impact is usually followed by on or of.

Parts of speech impact v

 

8. persevere v. To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to

maintain a purpose

The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail.

Parts of speech persist v, persistent adj

 

9. plunge v. To go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a

short time

He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool.

The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive

was arrested.

Usage tips Plunge is often followed by an into phrase.

Parts of speech plunge n

 

10. unleash v. To release a thing or an emotion

When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed

their dogs.

He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash

his feelings.

 

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning

to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the letter

in the blank.

1. persevere               (a) to pass by without hitting

2. anticipate                (b) to give up

3. famine                    (c) to not see something coming

4. collide                     (d) harmless

5. catastrophic            (e) excess of food

 

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Residents of Hawaii must accept the possibility of a volcanic (eruption /

perseverance).

 

2. Years after the accident, she was finally able to (anticipate / unleash)

her feelings of anger.

 

3. Houses along the river often face (famine / flooding) during the rainy

season.

 

4. Many people think it is cruel to (collide / plunge) live lobsters into boiling

water.

 

5. A well-written essay should make some kind of (catastrophe / impact)

on its readers.

 

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you

have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Nature challenges humans in many ways, through disease, weather, and

famine. For those living along the coast, one unusual phenomenon capable

of catastrophic destruction is the tsunami (pronounced “tsoo-NAH-mee”).

A tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by an

impulsive disturbance. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,

explosions, and even the impact of meteorites can generate tsunamis.

Starting at sea, a tsunami slowly approaches land, growing in height and

losing energy through bottom friction and turbulence. Still, just like any

other water waves, tsunamis unleash tremendous energy as they plunge

onto the shore. They have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of

sand, undermining trees, and flooding hundreds of meters inland. They

can easily crush cars, homes, vegetation, and anything they collide with.

To minimize the devastation of a tsunami, scientists are constantly trying

to anticipate them more accurately and more quickly. Because

many factors come together to produce a life-threatening

tsunami, foreseeing them is not easy. Despite this, researchers

in meteorology persevere in studying and predicting tsunami

behavior.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?

a. Tsunamis could become a new source of usable energy in the next

      hundred years.

b. Tsunamis do more damage to the land than flooding.

c. Tsunamis can have an especially catastrophic impact on coastal

     communities.

d. Scientists can predict and track tsunamis with a fair degree of accuracy,

     reducing their potential impact.

 

2. In the first sentence, why does the author mention weather?

a. because tsunamis are caused by bad weather

b. because tsunamis are more destructive than weather phenomena

c. as an example of a destructive natural force

d. as an introduction to the topic of coastal storms

 

Bonus Structure—

Despite this

  means “even so;

  regardless.”

 

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. d

TOEFL Prep II 1. eruption 2. unleash 3. flooding 4. plunge

5. impact

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. c

 

 

پاسخ نامه آزمون کلاس اول دبیرستان (شهید شیخانی و امام حسین ع)

پاسخ نامه

 

1 – ديكته:( 3 نمره)

AB:  kindergarten                  German                  CD: funny                      see

EF: pan                                    water                      GH: servant                   washes

 IJ: program                             finally                      KL: pushed                  wall

2 -   با استفاده از دانش خود: (1 نمره)

1. pocket                               2. kitchen

 3 -    جاهاي خالي را كامل كنيد : (4 نمره)

 3. remember          4. tomato          5. raise           6. forget

7. load                   8. deep               9. foreign      10. understand

  4 – مترادف كلمات: (1 نمره)

11. (   c    )                        12. (   a    )

 5 – بهترين جواب را انتخاب كنيد. ( 2 نمره )

13. (   a   )               14. (    c   )               15. (   d    )                          16. (    b   )

 6 – شكل درست كلمات: (2 نمره)

17. study              18. colder         19. better    20. young

7 – بهترين جواب را انتخاب كنيد. ( 2 نمره )

21. (  c    )            22. (    a   )                   23. (   c    )                           24. (   b   )

8 – مرتب كنيد. ( 2 نمره )

25. Abadan is the hottest in summer .

26. The student should pay attention to the teacher.

9 – با توجه به تصاوير داده شده به سوالات زير پاسخ دهيد. ( 2 نمره )

27. It is seven o’clock.

28. longer than                   longest

10 – مکالمه های ستون A را با استفاده از ستون B کامل کنید.  ( 3 نمره )

29. (     d    )        30. (    e    )               31. (b    )                                                            

32. (    f     )       33. (   g     )               34. (   a     )

11 -  تلفظ کلمه نا هماهنگ:(1 نمره)

35. (   c    )                         36. (    b    )

12 – جملات زیر را با دقت بخوانید و بهترین جواب را انتخاب کنید.  ( 3 نمره )

37. (  d    )                          38. (    b    )                          39. (   c    )

13 – درک مطلب: متن زیر را با دقت بخوانید و به سوالات آن پاسخ دهید. ( 4 نمره )

40. They are seven .

41. He takes the bus to school.  Or          He goes to school by bus.

42. false    43. True       44. c       45. b

 

Delphia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESCRIBE YOUR HOUSE by Narges Danooshy

To see the rays of the sunrise on the crystal of the glassy of my building are very beautiful .My dream house is a penthouse in the forest in north Washington. My house is big and has third floors. In first floor, There are stairs , a large living room, a big kitchen, a dining room, a bathroom, and a garage. My house has great furniture. I like my kitchen. There are some closets, some dishes, a stove, a hood, a coffee machine, refrigerator, microwave oven, dishwasher, and two nice chairs. I think my kitchen is perfect. I have big and beautiful living room, there are a few light gray armchairs , two little small sofas, a gray carpet, a nice clock, some coffee table, a small table next to the wall, two chairs and a lot of candles of clear next to the windows of glassy, , and there is a flowerpot on the piano. My living room is flowery. A dining room has in my home, too. There are some chairs, a big table, a few flower on the table, some candles next to the windows, nice curtains, a little small carpet, some pictures on the wall, a book case next to the wall, and there is a statue on a small coffee table next to the wall. In garage has some cars, they're beautiful, and in bathroom has a great mirror. My stairs of my house are white and brown and in stairwell there are some nice statues.  Second floor has just two bedrooms. One room is for my sister Kristina. There is a nice bed, a mirror, a closet, a dresser, and a nice smaاl bookcase, but my brother's room has a big bed, two closets, and bookcase. So in third floor, there is my bedroom and a big hall. My room has a big window of glassy, a nice big bookcase, some pictures, a big LCD television, a nice bed, a laptop, and I have so many musical boxes. To see the trees of outside my bedroom is beautiful. I love it. In third floor has a very big hall for very big party. My penthouse has a great view of a very big river. And to see the river bank of my window is great.                    

                                                       Your friend                                                                       Narges Danooshi

WRITING ABOUT YOUR FAMILY by Narges Danooshy

This  is Stewart family .I'm peter Stewart  . First , I want to talk about my parents .The woman in the picture is my mother . Her name is Kate .she works downtown .she works at the hospital . She's a doctor. She drives to work , but my dad doesn't drive to work. He's a doctor , too , but his job isn't downtown. He works in the city. He takes the subway to work . My father is tall and handsome and very serious.   His name's Jack . He goes to work with his friend   John . My parents are very busy.

I have a brother and a sister, too. They don't  live with me and my parents. Their names are Christ and Kristen .They're twenty one. Christ is in Paris and Kristen lives in United state .They  are students    , and Kristen is singer ,too. Christ is talkative and very funny and Kristen is very pretty and a little short  .

She has a friend. His name's Steve .I don’t like his . My brother rides his bike to work but my sister takes the bus to school .  so ,  I'm a boy  . I'm about seventeen .I have a friend and her name's Bella . She's very friendly. I like her. I get up at 6:05a.m.i have breakfast with my parents at seven O'clock .I also walk to school. I wear at school a sweater and  jeans  and sneakers. Because it's winter , and  I'm an assistant in store at school. Every Saturday and Sunday are different, because I and my friends  have partys .They're very cool ,I like my family and my friends.                                                                                                                                                                          Your friend                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Peter Stewart   

   

تمرين 10 كلمه كاملا ضروري جهت ازمون تافل

 

Food Crops

Target Words

1. abandon (ترك كردن)                                             6. intensify (تشديد كردن)

2. adversely    (مخالف – ناسازگار)                             7. irrigation(ابياري كردن)

3. aggregate  (متراكم)                                                 8. obtain(بدست آوردن)

4. cultivation (زراعت)                                         9. photosynthesis(فتو سنتز)

5. fertilize (حاصل خيز كردن)                         10. precipitation(ته نشين شدن)

 

Definitions and Samples

1. abandon v. To leave; to give up

To save their lives, the sailors had to abandon the sinking ship.

Parts of speech abandonment n

 

2. adversely adv. In a harmful way; negatively

Excessive rainfall early in the spring can adversely affect the plant-

ing of crops.

Usage tips Adversely is often followed by affect.

Parts of speech adversity n, adverse adj

 

3. aggregate adj. Gathered into or amounting to a whole

It is impossible to judge last year’s performance without knowing

the aggregate sales numbers.

Usage tips Aggregate is often followed by a term like sum, total, or

numbers.

Parts of speech aggregate v, aggregate n

 

4. cultivation n. Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for

agricultural purposes

With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers

were able to settle in one place.

Parts of speech cultivate v

 

5. fertilize v. To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful

substances to the soil

This farm fertilizes tomatoes more than any other crop.

Parts of speech fertilizer n, fertilization n

 

6. intensify v. To increase in power; to act with increased strength

Jacob’s long absence intensified his certainty that he should marry

Rose.

Parts of speech intensification n, intense adj

 

7. irrigation n. The supplying of water to dry land

In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farm-

land for irrigation.

Parts of speech irrigate v

 

8. obtain v. To gain possession of; to get

After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain

the job.

 

9. photosynthesis n. The process by which green plants make their

own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the pres-

ence of light.

Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis.

Parts of speech photosynthesize v

 

10. precipitation n. Water that falls to the Earth’s surface

In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich,

green plant life.

 

Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary.

Use each word only once.

abandoned    precipitation     cultivation     fertilize     photosynthesis

1. Through __________, green plants create organic materials with the help of chlorophyll.

2. The coastal city gets half of its __________ during the months of January, February, and March.

3. Farmers use various methods of land __________.

4. When they heard the hull crack, all but two of the sailors __________ ship.

5. Inexperienced gardeners may not realize how important it is that they __________ their plants.

 

 Find the word or phrase that is closest in mean-

ing to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column.Write the

letter in the blank.

1. obtain                   (a) weaken

2. intensify               (b) separate

3. irrigation             (c) lose

4. aggregate             (d) drainage

5. adversely             (e) positively

 

 Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In countries like Niger and Mauritania, the cultivation of land has changed little in the past several centuries. Additionally, these countries’mono-modal rainfall pattern brings precipitation for only three months during the year. As a result, food production doesn’t nearly meet demand.

For this reason.”Several agencies and organizations have  intensified their efforts to

increase the productivity of land in these countries.They have introduced new strains of seed, improved irrigation techniques, and introduced new methods of  fertilization and soil management.With ample sunlight for photosynthesis and modern  irrigation techniques, sustainable farming techniques should allow farmers to boost aggregate production in order to meet demand. Still, crop revitalization faces an unexpected adversary: institutional incompetence.Where crop specialists have convinced individual farmers to abandon old farming techniques in place of new, they can’t readily obtain the governmental cooperation they need.The biggest hurdles are political corruption, incompetence, and the absence of a marketing infrastructure.

 

1. In this passage, the word adversary is closest in meaning to

a. friend

b. helper

c. enemy

d. leader

 

2. In the last paragraph, the word they refers to

a. crop specialists

b. farmers

c. farming techniques

d. adversaries

 

Lesson 1 Food Crops

TOEFL Prep I 1. photosynthesis 2. precipitation 3. cultivation

4. abandoned 5. fertilize

TOEFL Prep II 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. e

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. a

 

گفته های بزرگان در مورد امام حسین (ع)

Quotations about Imam Hussain (A.S.) by Non-Muslims

Mahatma Gandhi (Indian political and spiritual leader): “I learnd from Hussein
how to achieve victory while being oppressed.”

Thomas Carlyle (Scottish historian and essayist): “The best lesson which we get
from the tragedy of Cerebella is that Husain and his companions were rigid
believers in God. They illustrated that the numerical superiority does not
count when it comes to the truth and the falsehood. The victory of Husain,
despite his minority, marvels me!”

Edward Gibbon (English historian and member of parliament): “In a distant age
and climate, the tragic scene of the death of Hosein will awaken the
sympathy of the coldest reader.” (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London,
1911, volume 5, p. 391-392)

Charles Dickens (English novelist): “If Husain had fought to quench his
worldly desires…then I do not understand why his sister, wife, and children
accompanied him. It stands to reason therefore, that he sacrificed purely for
Islam.”

Antoine Bara (Lebanese writer): “No battle in the modern and past
history of mankind has earned more sympathy and admiration as well as
provided more lessons than the martyrdom of Husayn in the battle of
Karbala.” (Husayn in Christian Ideology)

Dr. K. Sheldrake: “Of that gallant band, male and female knew that the
enemy forces around were implacable, and were not only ready to fight, but
to kill. Denied even water for the children, they remained parched under the
burning sun and scorching sands, yet not one faltered for a moment. Husain
marched with his little company, not to glory, not to power of wealth, but to
a supreme sacrifice, and every member bravely faced the greatest odds
without flinching.”

Ignaz Goldziher (Hungarian orientalist): “…Weeping and lamentation over
the evils and persecutions suffered by the ‘Alid family, and mourning for its
martyrs: these are things from which loyal supporters of the cause cannot
cease. ‘More touching than the tears of the Shi’is’ has even become an
Arabic proverb.” (Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, Princeton, 1981, p.179)

Edward G. Brown (Professor at the University of Cambridge): “…a reminder of
that blood-stained field of Karbala, where the grandson of the Apostle of
God fell, at length, tortured by thirst, and surround by the bodies of his
murdered kinsmen, has been at anytime since then, sufficient to evoke, even
in the most lukewarm and the heedless, the deepest emotion, the most
frantic grief, and an exaltation of spirit before which pain, danger, and death
shrink to unconsidered trifles.” (A Literary History of Persia, London, 1919, p.227)

Sir William Muir (Scottish orientalist): “The tragedy of Karbala decided not
only the fate of the Caliphate, but also of Mohammadan kingdoms long after
the Caliphate had waned and disappeared.” (Annals of the Early Caliphate,
London, 1883, p.441-442)

“Though Imam Hussain gave his life years ago, but his indestructible soul rules the hearts of people even today.”Dr. Radha Krishnan

Mahatma Gandhi
“My faith is that the progress of Islam does not depend on the use of sword by its believers, but the result of the supreme sacrifice of Hussain (A.S.), the great saint.”

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
“Imam Hussain’s (A.S.) sacrifice is for all groups and communities, an example of the path of rightousness.”

Reynold Alleyne Nicholson
“Hussain (A.S.) fell, pierced by an arrow, and his brave followers were cut down beside him to the last man. Muhammadan tradition, which with rare exceptions is uniformly hostile to the Umayyad dynasty, regards Hussain (A.S.) as a martyr and Yazid as his murderer.”
[A Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge, 1930, p197]

Rabindranath ***************ore
“In order to keep alive justice and truth, instead of an army or weapons, success can be achieved by sacrificing lives, exactly what Imam Hussain (A.S.) did

Dr. Rajendra Prasad
“The sacrifice of Imam Hussain (A.S.) is not limited to one country, or nation, but it is the hereditary state of the brotherhood of all mankind.”

Dr. Radha Krishnan
“Though Imam Hussain (A.S.) gave his life almost 1300 years ago, but his indestructible soul rules the hearts of people even today.”

Swami Shankaracharya
“It is Hussain’s (A.S.) sacrifice that has kept Islam alive or else in this world there would be no one left to take Islam’s name.”

Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
“I congratulate Muslims that from among them, Hussain (A.S.), a great human being was born, who is reverted and honored totally by all communities

کلید یادگیری زبان انگلیسی (مهارت شنیداری)

What is the most important English skill? What skill must you have to communicate welObviously, number 1 is Fluency. What is fluency? Fluency is the ability to speak (and understand)

English quickly and easily... WITHOUT translation. Fluency means you can talk easily with native speakers-- they easily understand you, and you easily understand them. In fact, you speak and understand instantly.

Fluency is your most important English goal.

The research is clear-- there is only ONE way to get fluency. You do not get fluency by reading textbooks.

You do not get fluency by going to English schools. You do not get fluency by studying

grammar rules.

 

Listening Is The Key

To get English fluency, you must have a lot of understandable repetitive listening. That is the ONLY way. To be a FANTASTIC English speaker, you must learn English with your ears, not with your eyes. In other words, you must listen. Your ears are the key to excellent speaking.

What kind of listening is best? Well, it must be understandable and must be repetitive. Both of those words are important-- Understandable and Repetitive.

If you don't understand, you learn nothing. You will not improve. That's why listening to English TV does not help you. You don't understand most of it. It is too difficult. It is too fast. Its obvious right? If you do not understand, you will not improve. So, the best listening material is EASY. That’s right, you should listen mostly to easy English. Most students listen to English that is much too difficult. They don’t understand enough, and so they learn slowly. Listen to easier English, and your speaking will improve faster!

Understanding is Only Half The Formula. Understanding is not enough. You must also have a lot of repetition. If you hear a new word only once, you will soon forget it. If you hear it 5 times, you will still probably forget it!

You must hear new words and new grammar many times before you will understand them instantly.

How many times is necessary? Most people must hear a new word 30 times to remember it forever.

To know a word and instantly understand it, you probably need to hear it 50-100 times!

That's why I tell my students to listen to all of my lessons many times. I tell them to listen to theMini-Stories, the Vocab Lessons, The Point-of-View Stories, and the Audio articles everyday. I recommend that they listen to each lesson a total of 30 times (for example, 2 times a day for two weeks).

So, the two most important points are: listen to easier English and listen to each thing many times.

 

Powerful Listening and Excellent Speaking

1. Practice “Narrow Listening”

“Narrow listening” means listening to many things about the same topic. This method is more powerful than trying to listen to many different kinds of things. Students who listen to similar things learn faster and speak better than students who listen to different kinds of things. For example, you can choose one speaker and find many things by him. Listen to all of his podcasts, audio books, and speeches. This is powerful because all speakers have favorite vocabulary and grammar. They naturally repeat these many times. By listening to many things by the same person, you automatically get a lot of vocabulary repetition. You learn faster and deeper!

Another example is to choose one topic to focus on. For example, you could read an easy book, listen to the same audio book, listen to a podcast about the book, and watch the movie. I did this with my class in San Francisco. We read “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory”. Then we listened to the audio book. Then we watched (and listened to) the movie. Then we listened to interviews with actors in the movie. My students learned a lot of vocabulary in a short time, and their speaking improved very quickly.

 

2. Divide Your Listening Time

Which is better: to listen for two hours without a break, or to divide that time during the day? Well, dividing your listening time is best.

By dividing your time throughout the day, you remember more and learn faster. So its much better to listen 30 minutes in the morning, then 30 minutes in the car or train, then 30 minutes coming home from work, then 30 minutes before sleep. In fact, this is the exact schedule I recommend to my students!

 

3. Use an iPod or MP3 Player

iPods are fantastic. You can put a big listening library on one. Then you can carry your English lessons everywhere. You can learn English while walking, while shopping, in the car, in a train, while cooking,.......

With an iPod or MP3 player, you don’t have to worry about CDs. Also, you can find a lot of English listening on the internet. You can find lessons, stories, podcasts, TV shows, interviews, and audio books. Simply download the audio, put it on your iPod.. and learn English anywhere!

 

4. Listen To Movies

Movies are great for learning English BUT you must use them correctly. Don’t watch all of an English movie. You will not understand it, and therefore you will not learn anything. Only watch one scene or segment per week (maybe 2-3 minutes). Follow this method:

a) First, watch the scene with subtitles in your language. This will help you understand the general

meaning.

b) Second, watch the scene with English subtitles. Pause. Use a dictionary to find new words you

don’t understand. Write the new sentences in a notebook.

c) Listen to the scene a few times, with English subtitles. Do not pause.

d) Listen to the scene a few times, without subtitles.

e) Repeat a) - d) everyday for one week.

On the second week, go to the next scene/segment and repeat again. It will take you a long time to

finish a movie. That’s OK, because you will improve your listening and speaking VERY FAST. This method is powerful-- use it!

 

5. Read and Listen at the Same Time

Listening and Reading together are very powerful. While you listen to something, also read it. This

will improve your pronunciation.

Reading while listening also helps you understand more difficult material. Read and listen to learn faster. After you do this a few times, put away the text and just listen. You will understand a lot more and you will improve faster. Always try to find both audio and text materials. To start, you can read my blog and listen to my podcast at:

Audio & Text http://www.EffortlessEnglishClub.com

Another great idea is to get both a book and its audio book (ie. the above example of “Charlie and

the Chocolate Factory”).

 

6 Months To Excellent English Speaking

Follow the above suggestions (and the 7 Rules in my email course) and you will speak excellentEnglish.

I have been teaching over 10 years. Every student who follows these methods succeeds. Always!

The Effortless English method is the key to speaking excellent English. It is the key to fluency.

You only need 6 months-- 6 months and you will speak easily to native speakers. 6 months and

you will speak quickly and naturally. 6 months and you feel relaxed when you speak English.

You have tried the old ways. You tried textbooks. You tried schools. You tried grammar study.

It is time to try something new!

Good luck. I wish you success with your English learning!

A.J. Hoge

Director

Effortless English LLC

 

Listening & Learning Resources On The Internet

7 Rules of Effortless English (Free Email Course)

http://effortlessenglishclub.com/7-rules-to-learn-excellent-english-speaking

The Effortless English Podcast (Listening)

http://www.EffortlessEnglishClub.com

The Effortless English Blog (Text for Audio)

http://www.EffortlessEnglishClub.com

Effortless English Lessons (Listening and Text, Intermediate & Advanced Level)

http://www.EffortlessEnglishClub.com

Flow English Lessons (Listening and Text, Intermediate Level)

http://effortlessenglishclub.com/learn-english-with-flow-english

LingQ (Listening and Tutors, Advanced)

http://www.lingq.com

ELLLO (Listening)

http://www.elllo.org

KanTalk (Internet Chats and Conversation)

http://www.kantalk.com

VOA News (Listening)

http://www.voanews.com/english/podcasts.cfm

Business English Pod (Listening)

http://www.voanews.com/english/podcasts.cfm

ESL Pod (Listening)

http://www.eslpod.com

Just Vocabulary (Listening)

http://justvocabulary.libsyn.com/

 

گرامر درس سوم سال سوم دبیرستان (افعال دو کلمه ای)

Ability = توانايي
Afraid (of) = ترسيده از – نگران از
Amount= مقدار
Area = منطق – ناحيه
Basis= اساس – زمينه
Brain = مغز
Briefly= به طور خلاصه
Call up = زنگ زدن به
Chemical = شيميايي
Conscious= هوشيار
Dead=مرده
Detail=جزء
Emotional = احساساتي
Enter = واردشدن
Even = حتي
Event = واقعه – رويداد
Exist = وجود داشتن
Feeling = احساس
Foreigner = بيگانه – خارجي
Forest = ‌جنگل
Hear about = شنيدن درباره
Hobby= سرگرمي
Information= اطلاعات
Interest = علاقمندي
Jet = جت
Look after = نگهداري كردن – مراقبت كردن
Loss = زيان – ضرر
Memory = حافظه
Mental =‌ رواني
Mind = حافظه
Mistake = اشتباه
Object = مفعول- جسم
Occur = ‌اتفاق افتادن
Over and over =‌بارها و بارها
Over learning= زياد ياد گرفتن
Pace= گام - قدم
Painful = دردناك
Photographic = فتو گرافيك
Physical= جسمي – فيزيكي
Poem=شعر
Psychologist= روانشناس
Question= سؤال – سؤال كردن
Recall= درباره زنگ زدن
Record = ضبط كردن
Responsible=مسؤول
Scene=منظره – چشم انداز
Search for = جستجو كردن براي
Shopkeeper = مغازه دار- فروشگاه دار
Slow down= آرام كردن – كم كردن
Sorry about = متأسف از
Stick in ones mind = در حافظه ماندن
Talk with = صحبت كردن با
Thus = بنابراين
Turn up = بالا بردن
Weekend = آخرهفته – تعطيلات

 

فعل هاي دو كلمه اي (Two – word verbs)

1) فعل هاي دو كلمه اي (Two – word verbs)
1 – بسياري از فعل ها از دو كلمه تشكيل شده اند، يكي قسمت اصلي فعل و ديگري جزئي كه آن را كامل مي كند.مانند Put on‌ كه قسمت اصلي آن Put‌و جزء ديگر آن On‌مي باشد.

Put -> base
On -> particle

شما با چند فعل دو كلمه اي زير قبلاً آشنا شده ايد:

Put on = پوشيدن
Give back =‌پس دادن
Wake up = بيدار شدن
Take off = درآوردن
Pick up = برداشتن
Turn on = خاموش كردن
Call up=تماس تلفني گرفتن
Turn down= كم كردن
 

  2 – اگر مفعول فعل دو كلمه اي يك اسم باشد، هم مي تواند بعد از قسمت اصلي فعل دو كلمه اي بيايد و هم مي تواند بعد از جزء دوم فعل دو كلمه اي بيايد به مثال زير توجه كنيد:

I put on my coat. (put on + مفعول)
I put my coat on. (Put‌+ مفعول+On(

همانطور كه در مثال بالا ملاحظه مي كنيد مفعول اين فعل يعني my coat در جمله اول بعد از هردو كلمه فعل دو كلمه اي آمده است و در جمله دوم كلمه فعل دو كلمه اي آمده است و به هر دو شكل صحيح است.  

  3 – حال اگر مفعول فعل دو كلمه اي، يك ضمير باشد فقط مي تواند ما بين دو كلمه فعل دو كلمه اي بيايد.

به مثال زير توجه كنيد:

I put it on.(put+ ضمير مفعول+on)

ملاحظه مي كنيد كه it كه مفعول است ما بين put , on كه دو كلمه فعل دو كلمه اي هستند آمده است. به چند مثال ديگر توجه كنيد:

I turn on the T.V (turn on + مفعول)
I turn the T.V on (turn + مفعول+ on)
I turn it on . (turn + ضمير مفعول+on)


Can you wake up mary at 6:00? (wake up + مفعول)
Can you wake mary up at 6 : 00 ? (wake+مفعول+up)
Can you wake her up at 6:00? (wake +ضميرمفعول+up)
 

  2) حرف اضافه + فعل يا صفت (adjective/verb+preposition)

بعد از فعل ها و صفت ها مي توان حرف اضافه را آورد. اسم يا ضميري كه بعد از حرف اضافه مي آيد، مفعول آن است و هميشه بعد از آن مي آيد.

He is looking for his pen
He is looking for it.

بعد از فعل look حرف اضافه for‌آمده است و مفعول آن his pen يا It بعد از حرف اضافه آمده است.

Im sorry about the accident.
Im sorry about it.

بعد از صفت sorry حرف اضافه about آمده است و مفعول آن the accident يا It بعد از حرف اضافه آمده است.

He is waiting for her sister.(فعل+حرف اضافه)
They are talking about the children. (فعل+حرف اضافه)
Im sorry about the accident. (صفت+حرف اضافه)
He was afraid of the animals. (صفت+حرف اضافه)
 

  تمرين :
گزينه صحيح را از ميان گزينه هاي داده شده انتخاب نماييد.

1- I didn’t like the film on TV, so I decided to …………
1) turn it off
2) turn off it
3) turn it on
4) turn on it

2 – Its rainy today. If you want to go out , you must …. Your coat.
1) take off
2)turn up
3)put on
4)pick up

3 – your shoes are very dirty. Please………
1) take them off
2)take off them
3)turn them off
4) turn them

4 – The radio is loud. Please ……….
1) turn it on
2) turn it off
3) turn it up
4) turn it down

5- sorry, I’m late today. I was …… a bus.
1) looking after
2) talking about
3) sorry about
4) waiting for

6- The careless driver was…. The accident.
1) full of
2) responsible for
3) similar to
4) interested

7- Have you….. a doctor about your headaches.
1) talked about
2) looked after
3) talked with
4) talked for

8- A good way to learn something is to repeat it many times. In this way it will…………
1) call your mind
2) interest your mind
3)exist in your mind
4)stick in your mind

9- This room is very dark. Please ……….
1) turn the lights
2)turn the lights down
3) turn the lights up
4)turn the lights on

10) Do you believe in the ……. Of life on other plants.
1) exist
2)existence
3) existing
4) exist able
 

  پاسخنامه

2	6	1	1
3	7	3	2
4	8	1	3
4	9	4	4
2	10	4	5

 

گرامر درس چهارم پیش دانشگاهی

مهارت هاي خواندن

 

  دستور زبان

بحث گرامري اين درس درباره حروف ربط در عبارات قيدي مي باشد كه در زير به توضيح آن مي پردازيم.
الف) كاربرد so,such در عبارات قيدي
1 – به جملات زير توجه كنيد.

Most earthquakes are so weak that they cause almost no damage.

بيشتر زلزله ها آنقدر ضعيف هستند كه تقريباً هيچ آسيبي را سبب نمي شوند.

It was such a rainy day that we couldn’t go walking.

آنچنان روز باراني بود كه ما نتوانستيم به پياده روي برويم.
So,such در اين مثال ها به معناي «آنقدر و آنچنان» هستند و معناي قيد يا صفتي را كه بعد از آن مي آيد، شدت مي بخشند.

2 – so قبل از صفت يا اسم مي آيد و به دنبال آن يك that clause يعني جمله اي كه با that آغاز مي شود

So + صفت يا قيد+ that + …….

3 – such قبل از صفت همراه اسم مي آيد و به دنبال آن يك that claue مي آيد.

Such + صفت يا قيد+ اسم + that +………

ب) كاربرد too , enough در عبارات قيدي
1 – به جملات زير توجه كنيد.

The situation ofter the earthquake was too bad to explain.

وضعيت بعد از زلزله براي توصيف بسيار بد بود.

She isn’t old enough to go to school yet.

او هنوز به حد كافي بزرگ نشده كه به مدرسه برود.
كلمه enough بعد از صفت يا قيد در جمله قرار مي گيرد و حد كافي را مي رساند. كلمه too بر سر صفت يا قيد مي آيد و به آن شدت مي بخشد. Too در اينجا به معناي خيلي زياد مي باشد.

2 – كلمه enough به معناي كافي گاهي قبل از اسم مي آيد و در اين صورت نقش صفت را بازي مي كند مانند :
Enough money پول كافي
Enough experience تجربه كافي

3 – هنگامي كه enough بعد از صفت يا قيد در جمله بيايد بعد از آن مي تواند فعل به صورت مصدر با to قرار گيرد به صورت زير :

صفت يا قيد+ enough + to‌مصدر با + …..

به يك مثال ديگر توجه كنيد:

She is experienced enough to get this job.

او به حد كافي با تجربه هست كه اين شغل را بگيرد.
هنگامي كه در جمله too بر سرصفت يا قيد مي آيد معمولاً به دنبال آن فعل مصدري با to قرار مي گيرد. در اين صورت ظاهر جمله مثبت است ولي مفهوم آن منفي است.

Too + صفت يا قيد + to‌مصدر با + ……..

به اين مثال توجه كنيد:

I was too busy to talk to you last week.

من هفته گذشته خيلي گرفتار بودم كه با شما صحبت كنم. و يا بهتر است بگوييم «من هفته گذشته آنقدر گرفتار بودم كه نتوانستم با شما صحبت كنم.

4 – گاهي به دنبال too , enough كه بر سر صفت يا قيد آمده باشد، حرف اضافه for و يك مفعول اسمي يا ضميري مي آيد و سپس فعل مصدري با to نوشته مي شود. مانند

It is too hard for me to lave my family.

براي من خيلي سخت است كه خانواده ام راترك كنم.

5 – كاربرد that بعد از enough و too همراه يك جمله (مانند كاربرد that clause در توضيحات so, such) اشتباه است.  

  نقش جمله

1 – يكي از نقش هاي جمله «نام گذاري كردن » يا Naming است.گاهي اوقات نويسنده با يك توصيف كوتاه يا بلند به يك شخص يا يك شيء نام يا لقب مي دهد. اغلب در اين گونه جملات كلماتي مانند be called – named – known استفاده مي شود. مانند :

The scientific study of the earth is called geology.

2 – از ديگر نقش هاي جمله «فرضيه ساختن» يا «Hypothesizing» است. هنگام فرضيه ساختن نويسنده سعي دارد براي توضيح بيشتر چيزي كه نمي شناسيم يا نمي دانيم راهي را پيشنهاد دهد. اغلب در اين موارد از كلماتي مانند be thought- believed- estimated استفاده مي شود. مانند :

It is thought that about too shocks eacks each year have this power they accure in a populated area.  

  تمرين:
گزينه صحيح را انتخاب كنيد.

1- peter is not ………to get this job.

1) experienced enough
2) such experienced
3) too experienced
4) so experienced  

 

2 – The weather was …. That we desided to stay at home.

1) such, cold
2) so cold
3) cold enough
4) too cold  

 

3 – It was …. Test that half of the students couldnt pass it.

1) so hard
2) such a hard
3) hard enough
4) too hard  

 

4 – Sorry , I couldn’t call you, I was ….. busy yesterday.

1) so
2) such
3) enough
4) too  

 

5 – Do you have …. Money to buy this car ?

1) too
2) so
3) such
4) enough  

 

6 – Emergency numbers are easy enough …. Them.

1) remember
2) to remember
3) remembered
4) remembering  

 

7 – The instruction was ….. that even children could learn it easily.

1) so simple
2) every simple
3) too simple
4) simple enough  

 

8 – This suitcase is too heavy for me ……..

1) lift
2) to lift
3) for lifting
4) to lifting  

 

9 – Most of the earthquakes are too light to be ….

1) floated
2) rattled
3) located
4) occurred  

 

10 – scientists can not still……..the exact area and time of an earthquake.

1) exist
2) destruct
3) predict
4) provide  

  پاسخ:

سوال	پاسخ	سوال	پاسخ
1	1	6	2
2	2	7	1
3	2	8	2
4	4	9	3
5	4	10	3

 

گرامر درس سوم و چند نمونه سوال پیش دانشگاهی

مهارت هاي خواندن
(Adjective clause -Adjective phrase )

1 – يكي از مهارت هاي خواندن درك روابط ميان بخش هاي مختلف متن از طريق شناسايي ضماير و مراجع آن هاست.
1 – كلمه هاي نشان دهنده تضاد مانند:
(although = اگرچه)
(though = گرچه)
(unlike = برعكس)
(even= حتي)
(Instead of = به جاي)
و ... و كلمات اطراف واژه ناآشنا شما را در پي بردن به معني آن كلمات ياري مي دهد.

  دستور زبان

مبحث گرامري اين درس عبارت وصفي كوتاه شده مي باشد كه در زير به توضيح در مورد آن مي پردازيم.
1. گروهي از كلمات مرتبط به هم كه فاعل و فعل ندارند يك Phrase يا عبارت ناميده مي شوند.

2. Adjective clause يا عبارت وضعي كه داراي فاعل و فعل است مانند يك صفت عمل مي كند تا اطلاعاتي را در مورد شخصي يا چيزي بدهد.

3 – Adjective clause را مي توان به Adjective phrase به دو طريق كوتاه نبود. به اين منظور اگر فعل جمله در قضيه وصفي از مشتقات فعل tobe باشد مي توان با حذف آن و حذف ضمير موصولي(that , which , who , …) جمله را بيان كرد. اما اگر در قضيه وصفي فعل جمله ، فعل ديگري به جز مشتقات to be باشد امكان حذف فعل وجود ندارد. در اين صورت ضمير موصولي ( مانند that , which , who…) حذف مي شود و فعل جمله به صورت Ing دار نوشته مي شود.
اكنون با آوردن مثال در مورد نكات دستوري بالا توضيح بيشتري داده مي شود.  

  مثال :

Heat which is trapped in the atmosphere causes the earth to get warmer.
which is trapped in the atmosphere:adjective clause

Heat trapped in the atmoshper causes the earth to get warmer.
trapped in the atmoshper:Adjective phrase  

  در عبارت وصفي كوتاه شده ضمير موصولي which و فعل جمله كه از مشتقات فعل to be مي باشد يعني is حذف شده است.

All over the world, there are people who pollute the land, the sea, and the air.
who pollute the land, the sea, and the air:adjective clause

All over the world, there one people polluting the land, the sea, and the air.
polluting the land, the sea, and the air:Adjective phrase

ملاحظه مي كنيد كه فعل اين جمله از مشتقات to be نيست بلكه فعل آن pollute مي باشد. براي كوتاه كردن اين قضيه وصفي به عبارت وصفي ضمير موصولي who حذف شده است و فعل به صورت Ing دار يعني polluting نوشته شده است و يا به عبارت ديگر
who pollute = polluting  

  نقش جمله

1 – يكي از نقش هاي جمله (Defining = تعريف كردن – بيان مفهوم) مي باشد. در اين حالت نويسنده مي خواهد كه مفهوم چيزي را بيان كند تا خواننده بهتر متوجه آن مطلب شود. مانند

Climate is the average of a regions weather over a period of time.

آب و هوا يعني ميانگين هواي يك منطقه در طي يك دوره زمان.

2 – از ديگر نقش هاي جمله مي توان به (speculatin = حدس زدن) اشاره كرد. وقتي كه شما اطلاعات كافي در مورد مطلبي نداريد مي توانيد در مورد آن حدس بزنيد. در اين گونه جملات اغلب از كلمات احتمال مانند:
(may= ممكن بودن)
(probably= احتمالاً)
(possibly= ممكن بودن ، احتمالاً)
(can = توانستن)
(maybe = شايد)
(perhaps = شايد) استفاده مي شود.

The earth could get warmer by itself.

زمين امكان دارد خودش خود به خود گرم تر شود.  

  تمرين :
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه ها انتخاب كنيد.

1.In some contries , people ….. trash are punished.
1) produce
2) produced
3) produces
4) producing

2. The photographs …….of the Earth were wonder full.
1) take
2) took
3) taken
4) taking

3. factories ……..cool and oil are a danger to the environment.
1) to burn
2) burning
3) burn
4) burned

4. You don’t have to be …………about the baby. I can take care of him.
1) concentrated
2) increased
3) confident
4) concerned

5. By …. Glass, paper and metal , we can save materials , enegy , and money.
1) recycling
2) polluting
3)producing
4) concerning

6.Factories……. air pollution must be closed or controlled.
1) cause
2) causes
3) caused
4) cousing

7.The air water, or land in which living things live is called……..
1) environment
2) pollution
3) atmosphere
4) weather

8. Many greenhouse gases coming from things we do everyday … energy in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.
1) produce
2) trap
3) recycle
4) decrease

9………is the average of a regions weather over period of time.
1) environment
2) atmosphere
3) climate
4) pollution

10. Many types of plants and animals are in danger of ………because human beings pollute their environments.
1) organization
2) extinction
3) civilization
4) distraction  

  پاسخ:

سوال	پاسخ	سوال	پاسخ
1	4	6	4
2	3	7	1
3	2	8	2
4	4	9	3
5	1	10	2

 

گرمر درس دوم و چند نمونه سوال پیش دانشگاهی

مهارت هاي خواندن
(اطلاعات صريح وغير صريح)

1.يكي ديگر از مهارت هاي خواندن دريافت اطلاعات صريح (Explicit Information) كه به روشني در متن آمده و اطلاعات غيرصريح( Implicit Information) كه بايد آنها را از متن استنباط نموده است.

2 – از ديگر مهارت هاي خواندن حدس زدن معني كلمات ناآشنا در متن با آگاهي از شيوه هاي ساخت واژه از طريق افزون پسوندها و پيشوندها است. به چند مثال توجه كنيد.

Mation (n) --> motion less (adj)
React --> reaction (n)

  دستور زبان
A- كاربرد فعل همراه مفعول و مصدر بدون to

1 – افعالي مانند let (به معناي اجازه دادن) و make( به معناي مجبور كردن و باعث شدن) ساختار زير را دارند.

Verb + object + bare infinitive
فعل+ مفعول+ to مصدر بدون

به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

The teacher made me give a speech in the class.

معلم مرا مجبور كرد كه در كلاس سخنراني كنم.

My mother makes me go bed early every firday.

مادر من مرا وادار مي كند كه هر جمعه زود به رختخواب بروم

My brother lets me work with his computer.

برادرم به من اجازه مي دهد كه با كامپيوترش كار كنم.

2 – فعل help نيز از ديگر افعالي است كه با اين ساختار به كار برده مي شود اما آن مي تواند با مصدر با to نيز دنبال شود.

Exercise helps your body (to) us the extra calories that are coming from food.

ورزش به بدن شما كمك مي كند كه كالري هاي اضافي را كه از غذا مي آيند، استفاده كنيد.  

  B- كاربرد فرم Ing دار فعل بعد از حروف اضافه by جهت بيان روش انجام فعل :

1. استفاده از by به اضافه فرم ing دار فعل ، روش يا وسيله اي را كه جهت انجام كاري به كار مي گيريم، نشان مي دهد.

You can improve your speaking ability by practicing hard.

شما مي توانيد با تمرين زياد توانايي صحبت كردنتان را بهتر كنيد.

2 – هنگامي كه by به اضافه فرم Ing دار فعل در اول جمله مي آيد، بعد از آن يك كاما قرار مي گيرد.

By + دار فعلingفرم و ……
By moving too much , you may distract your listener.

بازديد حركت كردن، شما ممكن است مخاطبانتان را آشفته كنيد.  

  نقش جمله

1 – از ديگر نقش هاي جمله مي توان به «تعميم دادن» (Generalizing) اشاره كرد.
گاهي شما مطلبي را خيلي اساسي و كلي بيان مي كنيد كه در بيشتر اوقات و نه هميشه حقيقت است. به اين نقش كلي گويي يا تعميم دادن مي گويند. اين حالت معمولاً با كلماتي از قبيل all every – most و .... بيان مي شود. مانند :

Everybody should have some kind of education whether they are rich or poor

همه بايد نوعي از تحصيلات را داشته باشند چه ثروتمند باشند چه فقير.

2 – نقش ديگر جمله كه در اين درس به آن اشاره شده «دادن دستورالعمل» (Instruchin) مي باشد. در اين حالت نويسنده دستورالعمل هايي را به خوانند مي دهد. اين گونه جملات معمولاً با يك فعل امري شروع مي شوند.

Try to include personal stories or recent events to add fun to your speech.

سعي كنيد داستان هاي شخصي يا اتفاقات اخير را به سخنراني خود اضافه كنيد تا به آن مزه اي داده شود.  

  تمرين
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه ها انتخاب كنيد.

1. Aerobic exercise helps the heart ……… more oxygen to the muxcles.

1) to send
2) sending
3) sent
4) be sent  

 

2. A group of people watching or listening to something are called ……..

1) audience
2) conference
3) meeting
4) speech  

 

3. The boss ….. the importance of night working to the workers.

1) communicated
2) concentrated
3) emphasized
4) distracted  

 

4. I don’t let you …. To school because you are ill today.

1) go
2) to go
3) going
4) gone  

 

5. Exercise can help you …… yourself at a healty weight.

1) Keeping
2) Kept
3) To keeping
4) Keep  

 

6. By……..deeply several times,you can control your ner vousness.

1) breath
2) breathing
3) practicing
4) practice  

 

7. You can improve your speaking obility by …. In front of a mirror.

1) speak
2) speaking
3) spoke
4)spoken  

 

8. By …. Formal colthes, you will show respect to your oudience.

1) wear
2) to wear
3) werning
4) weared  

 

9. Asking questions can make the audience….. on your speech.

1) concentrate
2) concentrated
3) concentrating
4) to concentrate  

 

10. Let your audience ….. your question.

1) to ask
2) asked
3) asking
4) ask  

سوال	پاسخ	سوال	پاسخ
1	1	6	2
2	1	7	2
3	3	8	3
4	1	9	1
5	4	10	4

 

گرامر درس اول و نمونه سوال پیش دانشگاهی

درس اول :
مهارت هاي خواندن
(لغات كليدي-نشانه ها-...)

1 – يكي از مهارت هاي خواندن، توجه به عناوين پاراگراف هاي متن (paragraph Headings) است. نويسنده «در متون بلند» براي راهنمايي كردن خواننده از عناوين استفاده مي نمايد. عناوين، متن را به قسمت هاي كوچك تر تقسيم نموده و به خواننده كمك مي كند تا اطلاعات خاص را سريعتر بيابد.

2 – يكي ديگر از مهارت هاي خواندن، پي بردن به معناي كلمات ناآشنا، از طريق توجه به نشان (cues) موجود در متن است. در بعضي متون نويسنده از طريق معني كردن (defining) يا بيان مجدد مفاهيم ( restating) با استفاده از علائم نشانه گذاري ( punctuation marks) تلاش مي كند مفاهيم مشكل را براي خواننده آسان كند.

  A – key words in defining
(لغات كليدي جهت تعريف)

اين لغات از قبيل refersto – what this means as – meaning – means – are – is و is/are defined به معناي هست – معني مي دهد – رجوع مي دهد به ، مي باشد. مانند :

The heart is the organ miside your chest that sends blood around your body.  

  B- use of signal words / phrases to restate
(استفاده از كلمات يا عبارات نشانه اي)

از اين كلمات يا عبارات مي توان that is , in other words – or با علامت e.i را ذكر كرد كه به معناي يا – به عبارت ديگر و بدين معني است، مي باشد . مانند:

The exercise should be more reasonable , i.e lighter.

ورزش بايد منطقي تر باشد يعني (i.e) سبك تر.  

  C- use of punctuation marks to define/ restate
(استفاده از نشانه هاي علامت گذاري جهت تعريف يا بيان مجدد)

از اين نشانه ها مي توان كاما (,) – خط تيره ( - ) و پرانتز ( ) را ذكر كرد.
مانند مثال زير كه داخل پرانتز معني كلمه skull توضيح داده شده است.

Doctors say he has broken his skull (the bony part of the head that protects the brain)

پزشكان مي گويند او جمجمه اش شكسته است.( قسمت استخواني سر كه از مغز محافظت مي كند)  

  دستور زبان (گرامر)

مبحث گرامري اين درس ( adverbial clauses) يا همان (قضاياي قيدي) مي باشد، كه در زير به توضيح در مورد آن مي پردازيم.
1 – به يك گروه از كلمات مرتبط به هم كه يك فعل و يك فاعل دارد clause يا عبارت مي گويند.

2 – adverbial clause يا عبارت قيدي عبارتي است كه به عبارت اصلي يا main clause متصل مي شود و كار آن مانند يك قيد است كه اطلاعاتي اضافي در مورد زمان ، مكان ، رفتار و غيره را از اتفاقي كه افتاده به ما مي دهد.

3 – conjunction يا حرف ربط كلمه اي است كه دو قسمت يك جمله را به هم متصل مي كند.

4 – كلمات (when به معناي وقتي كه )، (As به معناي زماني كه يا چون كه )، (since به معناي چونكه يا از وقتي كه ) و (whether……….or به معناي چه ..........و يا ) كلماتي ربط دهنده هستند كه با يك سري كلمات همراه شده و عبارت قيدي را مي سازند و به عبارت اصلي متصل مي كنند.

5 – (when: وقتي كه) كلمه ربطي است كه اگر كاري بعد از كار ديگر اتفاق بيفتد از آن استفاده مي كنيم. گاهي از اين كلمه ربط جهت اتصال دادن دو كار كه در يك زمان اتفاق مي افتند نيز استفاده مي كنيم. به مثال زير توجه كنيد:

Some people change their habits when they get older.

بعضي از مردم وقتي كه پيرتر مي شوند عادت هايشان را تغيير مي دهند.

6 – (as: زماني كه ) در چند نوع عبارت قيدي به كار مي رود كه عبارت اند از :
براي بيان زمان : اگر دو چيز در يك زمان رخ دهند.
براي بيان دليل : زماني كه بخواهيم دليل چيزي را بيان كنيم و كلمه معادل آن because مي باشد.
براي بيان نسبت : به معناي (در همان دوره زماني) مانند as people get older
براي بيان مقايسه : مانند به سرعتي كه شما مي توانيد as fast as you can

7- (since: چونكه) براي بيان دليل و علت به كار مي رود، اما در بعضي از عبارت هاي since به معناي از وقتي كه ، نيز به كار مي رود. به مثال هاي زير توجه كنيد.

Since I didn’t feel well , I didn’t go to party last night.
Since:حرف ربط
Since I didn’t feel well:عبارت قيدي
I didn’t go to party last night:عبارت اصلي

من ديشت به مهماني نرفتم چون حالم خوب نبود.

I have been living in Tehran Since I was fourteen.
I have been living in Tehran:عبارت اصلي
Since:حرف ربط
Since I was fourteen:عبارت قيدي

من زماني كه چهارده ساله بودم در تهران زندگي كرده ام.

8 – (wehter …. Or : چه ...... و يا ) ارتباط دهنده اي است كه در عبارت هاي قيدي به كار مي رود و بيانگر آن است كه (نه اين موضوع مهم است و نه آن يكي) و نتيجه در هر صورت يكي است به مثال زير توجه كنيد:

You ll have to finish your work whether you like it or not.
You ll have to finish your work:عبارت اصلي
whether - or:حرف ربط
you like it or not:عبارت قيدي

شما مجبوريد اين كار را تمام كنيد چه آن را دوست داشته باشيد و چه دوسته نداشته باشيد  

  اكنون به چند مثال ديگر از عبارت هاي قيدي توجه كنيد.

AS I was getting off the bus I saw Mary waiting for me.
I started learning English since I was 6 years old.
I couldn’t joni you since I was ill.
Mary was eating dinner when we arrived home.
Doctor should visit you whether you like or not.
You can enjoy exercising whether you are young or old.  

  نقش جمله

جمله ها چه به طور مجزا و چه در متن نقش هاي متفاوتي دارند. در زير شما با دو نقش زباني آشنا مي شويد.
1 – (Describing = وصف كرد) هنگام توصيف كردن نويسنده سعي مي كند اطلاعاتي را در مورد اشخاص، چيزها، مكان ها، فعاليت ها به خواننده بدهد. معمولاً د ر اين نوع توصيف كردن يكي از شكل هاي فعل to be با يك يا چند صفت همراه اسم بيان مي شود . مانند :

The heat is the strongest muscle in your body.

2 – (Explaining = توضيح دادن) نويسنده سعي مي كند تا با آوردن دليل يا ذكر جزئيات يا توضيح دادن در مورد چيزي يا مطلبي ، درك و فهم آن را براي خواننده آسان تر كند. مانند :

Exercise is important because it peoples boodies and minds healty.  

  تمرين :
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه ها انتخاب كنيد.

1. I have not seen mary …….she left here with her husband.
1) when
2) as
3) since
4) whether

2 . ……… The weather was not fine , we couldn’t go waling.
1) when
2) whether
3) neither
4) as

3 . Exercise is good for you …..you are fat or thin.
1)as
2)since
3) when
4) whether

4. ……..you aren’t able to answer, we may ask some one else.
1) keep
2) keeping
3)kept
4) keeps

5…….. you aren’t able to answer, we may ask some one else.
1) since
2) whether
3) when
4) or

6. she can touch her toes easily. It means she is very……..
1) flexible
2) reasonable
3) reliable
4) active

7. Having food with a lot of ……causes people extra weight.
1) nutrients
2) fat
3) water
4) vitamins

8. when we brath we take air into our …….and send it cut again.
1) muscles
2) vessels
3) heart
4) lungs

9 – He has a high opinion of himself. He is ….of himself.
1) perfect
2) efficient
3) proud
4) reliable

10 . Aerobic exercise helps the heart …..more oxygen to the muscles.
1) send
2) to sent
3) sent
4) sending  

  پاسخ:

سوال	پاسخ	سوال	پاسخ
1	3	6	1
2	4	7	2
3	4	8	4
4	1	9	3
5	1	10	2

 

گرامر کلی درس دوم و نمونه سوال

کاربرد For در جمله

1)be+ adjective+ for+object + infinitive (مصدرباto+مفعول+for+صفت+فعلbe)

به جملات زير توجه كنيد.

It is hard to believe this story.

باور كردن اين داستان سخت است

It is hard for me to believe this story.

باوركردن اين داستان براي من سخت است

It is necessary to have an end.

داشتن يك هدف ضروري است.

It is necessary for us to have an end.

داشتن يك هدف براي ما ضروري است.

It is not easy to answer these questions.

پاسخ دادن به اين سؤال ها آسان نيست.

It is not easy for him to answer these questions.

پاسخ دادن به اين سؤال ها براي او آسان نيست.

It is difficult to learn English.

يادگرفتن انگليسي مشكل است.

It is difficult for mary to learn English.

يادگرفتن انگليسي براي مري مشكل است.

همانطور كه ملاحظه مي كنيد در هر مورد، در جمله اول در مورد عملي يا كاري صحبت شده است در حالي كه جمله دوم در مورد كسي صحبت مي كند كه در كاري يا عملي شركت دارد.  

 

2) The gerund(verb +ing)

1 – در زبان انگليسي فرم Ing دار فعل، gerund‌ ناميده مي شود. فرم Ing دار فعل، مانند يك اسم عمل مي كند بنابراين در جمله مي تواند نقش فاعل، مفعول يا مفعول حرف اضافه را داشته باشد.
اكنون به مثال هاي زير توجه كنيد.
پيدا كردن كار دراينجا مشكل است.

Finding a job is difficult here.

فاعل(finding)

من از كوهنوردي لذت مي برم

I enjoy climbing montains.

مفعول(climbing)

من از پياده روي خسته شدم.

I am tired of walking.

Of مفعول حرف اضافه(walking)  

  2 – بعضي از فعل ها كه فرم Ing دار فعل را به عنوان مفعول مي گيرند عبارتند از:

Avoid =خودداري كردن
Enjoy= لذت بردن
Finish = تمام كردن
Imagine= تصور كردن
Keep = نگه داشتن
Mind = اهميت دادن
Miss = از دست دادن
Go on = ادامه دادن
Dislike=تنفر داشتن
Risk = خطر كردن
Stop = خاتمه دادن – متوقف كردن
Forgive = فراموش كردن  

  تمرين :
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه هاي داده شده انتخاب كنيد.

1 – It is not difficult for your English teacher…. English.
1) speak
2) to speak
3) speaking
4) spoke

2 - …. In this bus is forbidden.
1) smoke
2) smoked
3) to smoke
4) smoking

3 – I like…. In this river.
1) swim
2) to swim
3) swimming
4)swum

4- I am tired of …. Football.
1) play
2)to play
3) playing
4) played

5 – I dislike … lunch in a restaurant.
1) eat
2) eating
3) eaten
4) ate

6 – It is necessary for you… early to class.
1) come
2) coming
3) to come
4) came

7 – It is …. For an elephant to go faster than a horse
1) impossible
2) possible
3) easy
4) necessary

8- Ali didn’t get a good mark in his English test. He is ashamed of …. That to his father.
1) showing
2) shown
3) show
4) showed

9 – It was not difficult for me to … that the man was lying
1) insist on
2) influence
3) choose
4) realize

10 – I can finish … this book today.
1) read
2)reading
3) to read
4) have read
 

  پاسخنامه

3	6	2	1
1	7	4	2
1	8	2	3
4	9	3	4
2	10	2	5

 

گرامر درس اول

عبارت هاي اسمي (Noun clauses)

1) عبارت هاي اسمي (Noun clauses)
1 – به يك گروه از كلمات مرتبط به هم كه يك فاعل و فعل دارد clause يا قضيه يا عبارت مي گويند.
2 – يك Noun clause در يك جمله مانند يك اسم عمل مي كند. به همين دليل به آن قضيه اسمي مي گويند.  

  اكنون به چند مثال از اين مورد توجه كنيد:

من نمي دانم او چه وقت منزل را ترك كرد.

I don’t know when she left home. (قضيه اسمي)Noun clause

من نمي دانم چه كسي نامه ها را تايپ مي كند.

I don’t know who types the letters.( Noun clause)

او مي داند من ديروز چه كسي را ملاقات كردم

She knows whom I met yesterday.( Noun clause)

آنها (ايشان) مي دانند من كجا زندگي مي كنم.

They know where I live. (Noun clause)

3 – همانطور كه در مثال هاي بالا مشاهده مي كنيد عبارت هاي اسمي با كلماتي مانند when (چه وقت)، who (چه كسي)، whom(چه كس را) و where(كجا) آغاز مي شوند. اين كلمات در اينجا نقش حرف ربط را دارند كه قضيه اسمي را به بقيه جمله وصل مي كنند.  

  2) كاربرد be going to

1 – فعل be going to به معناي قصد داشتن يا خواستن مي باشد.
2 – فعل be going to معمولاً براي بيان اينكه كاري بخواهد در آينده انجام بگيرد به كار مي رود. اكنون به چند مثال توجه كنيد:
من قصد دارم امشب اينجا بمانم (من مي خواهم امشب اينجا بمانيم)

I am going to stay here to night.

او قصد دارد فردا يك نامه بنويسيد.

She is going to write a letter tomorrow.

او قصد دارد اتومبيلش را بشويد.

He is going to wash his car.

ما قصد داريم در يك رستوران شام بخوريم.

We are going to have the diner in a restaurant to night.

من معمولاً با اتوبوس به مدرسه مي روم اما امروز قصد دارم يكشنبه فوتبال بازي كنيم.

I usually go to school by bus but today I am going to go by taxi.

3 – مشاهده مي كنيد كه بعد از فعل (am/is/ are going to) فعل به صورت ساده مي آيد و كاري را كه قصد داريم در آينده انجام دهيم، بيان مي كند.  

  تمرين
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه هاي داده شده انتخاب كنيد.

1 – Do they know ….. you live?
1) who
2) whom
3) when
4) Where

2 - I don’t remember …. Channel I watched last night.
1) When
2) Where
3) who
4) Which

3– I don’t remember……answered the telephone.
1)when
2) which
3) whom
4)who

4-she usually calls me on Sundays. This week she …. Call me on Friday.
1) going to
2) goes to
3) is going to
4) is going

5 – I usually have dinner at home. To night I am going to … dinner in a restaurant.
1) have
2) having
3) had
4) have had

6 – They usually exercise in the morning. Today they are going to …. In the evening.
1) exercised
2) improve
3) relax
4) continue

7 – Your average was very low last month. I’m sure hard working wills … your average.
1) Examine
2) Improve
3) relax
4) Continue

8 – My brother is a very good swimmer, he has ….. arms and legs.
1) Harmful
2) Careful
3) Powerful
4) Successful


9- These clouds in the sky show that we may have a … day.
1) sunny
2) rainy
3) shiny
4) hot

10- I don’t forget ….. she told me last night.
1) what
2) where
3) when
4) who
 

  پاسخنامه

4	6	4	1
2	7	4	2
3	8	4	3
2	9	3	4
1	10	1	5

 

گرامر و کلمات جدید درس چهارم

صفت عالي ، صفت هاي چند سيلابي

  لغات درس چهارم

only	فقط		may I borrow	ممكن است قرض بگيرم ؟
out	بيرون		maybe	شايد
Never mind	مهم نيست - مسئله اي نيست.		most	بيشترين
right now	همين الان		noise	سرو صدا
road	جاده		push	هل دادن
side	بغل – كنار		second	دومين – ثانيه
snow	برف		sitting room	اتاق نشيمن
sorry	متأسف		snow plow	ماشين برف روب
third	سومين		taxi – driver	راننده تاكسي
what if	چه مي شود اگر		wonder	شگفتي – ترديد- از خود پرسيدن
warm	گرم		what fun it was!	چه جالب بود ! چه كيفي داشت !
teeth	‌دندان ها ( جمع ) tooth		too	خيلي زياد – همچنين – هم
worst	بدترين		voice	‌صدا
a long time	مدت طولاني		yard	حياط
another	ديگر – ديگري		armchair	مبل – صندلي دسته دار
worse	بدتر		autumn	پاييز
bedroom	اتاق خواب		beside	كنار
Chinese	چيني		boot	پوتين – چكمه
clear	خلوت كردن – واضح كردن		borrow	قرض گرفتن
climb(up/down)	صعود كردن به بالا يا پايين		comfortable	راحت
face	صورت		England	انگلستان
get up	از خواب برخاستن		first	اولين
hand	دست		front	جلو
loud	‌بلند ( صداي بلند)		deep	عميق
make a noise	‌سروصدا كردن		hear	شنيدن
interesting	‌جالب		heavy (snow)	‌برف سنگين
branch	شعبه – شاخه		Help yourself	از خودتان پذيرايي كنيد.

 

  دستور زبان

گرامر يا دستور زبان اين درس درباره صفت عالي يا صفت برترين مي باشد. همچنين در اين درس مي آموزيد كه چگونه با صفت هاي چند سيلابي ، صفت برتر و صفت برترين بسازيد. سپس با صفات استثنا آشنا مي شويد.  

  1 – صفت عالي يا صفت برترين، برتري يك چيز را بر مجموع چيزها بيان مي كند. علامت صفت عالي، حرف تعريف معين the مي باشد. براي ساختن صفت عالي ، پسوند est را به صفت مورد نظر ( صفت يك سيلابي و يا دو سيلابي كه يك سيلابش خفيف باشد) اضفاه مي كنيم و قبل از آن حرف the را مي آوريم. مانند :

او قد بلندترين دختر در كلاس است.

She is the tallest girl in the class.

اين كتاب بزرگترين كتاب در كتابخانه است.

This book is the largest book in the library.

مينا جوان ترين دختر در خانواده است.

Mina is the youngest girl in our family.

 

  2 – صفت هاي چند سيلابي مانند beautiful , important , famous, useful. و .... پسوند er, est نمي گيرند. براي ساختن صفت برتر و صفت برترين از اين صفات بايد قبل از آنها more ( براي صفت برتر) most (براي صفت برترين) بياوريم.

به چند مثال توجه كنيد :
اين كتاب از آن كتاب مفيدتر است.

This book is more useful than(صفت برتر) that book.

اين اتومبيل از آن اتوميبل گران تر است.

This car is more expensive than (صفت برتر)that car.

اين كتاب مفيدترين كتاب در كتابخانه است.

This book is the most useful book in the library. (صفت عالي)

اين اتومبيل ، گران ترين اتومبيل در شهر ماست.

This car is the most expensive car in our town.
 

  3 - صفات استثنا يا صفات بي قاعده، صفاتي هستند كه شكل تفضيلي و عالي آنها تابع قواعد گفته شده فوق نيست ( يعني پسوند er, est نمي گيرند و قبل از آن ها نيز more يا most نمي آيد) اين صفات خودشان شكل تفضيلي و عالي خاص دارند كه بايستي از حفظ شوند. شما در زير با چند نمونه از صفات استثنا آشنا مي شويد :

صفت مطلق	صفت تفضيلي = برتر	صفت عالي = برترين
خوب =  good	بهتر =  better	بهترين = best
بد =  bad	بدتر = worse	بدترين =  worst
زياد =  much/many	بيشتر =  more	بيشترين = most

 

  كاربرد زبان

«پاسخ مثبت به يك تقاضا»
Granting a Request

1- آيا مي توانم مدادتان را قرض بگيرم لطفاً ؟

1 – A – May I borrow your pen please?

بسيار خوب

B – All right

‌

2- مي توانم نگاهي به روزنامه بيندازم ؟

2 – A – could I see the newspaper?

بله : البته - بفرماييد

B – Yes, of course. Here you are.

Rejecting a Request
«رد كردن يك تقاضا»

1- آيا مي توانم از تلفن شما استفاده كنم ؟

1 – A can I use your telephone?

متأسفم، الان دارم از آن استفاده مي كنم.

B – sorry, I'm using it right now.

بله ، مي فهمم .

A – Oh, I see.

2 – مي توانم از اتومبيل شما استفاده كنم ؟

2 – A – May I use your car ?

متأسفم . من الان به آن احتياج دارم.

B – sorry, I need it right now.

اوه ، اشكالي ندارد

A- oh, never mind

 

  تمرين
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه هاي داده شده انتخاب كنيد.

1 – A book usually has …….
1) teeth
2) butcher
3) baranches
4) driver

2 – May I borrow your car? Yes , ……
1) sure
2) help yourself
3) sorry
4) never mind

3 – My handwriting is ……..than your handwriting.
1) bad
2) worse
3) worst
4)the worst

4- Tehran is ……city in Iran.
1) Important
2) Very important
3) The most important
4) More important

5 – I think learning English is …. Learning Arabic.
1) easy than
2) easier than
3) easiest
4) the easiest

6 – My grandfather is ……. My father.
1)younger than
2) the youngest
3) older than
4)the oldest

7 – May I have another sandwich? Yes, of cours,……
1) Thanks
2) Never mind
3) what fun it is
4) help yourself

8 – I usually have a dictionary ….. me when I'm studing English.
1) on top of
2) behind
3) inside
4) beside

9 – Mina's handwriting is ….. in our class.
1) better than
2) worse than
3) the most
4) the worst

10 – A : May I use your telephone ? B: sorry, I'm using it right now.
1) never mind
2) help yourself
3) here you are
4) sure  

  پاسخ

پاسخ	سوال
3	1
1	2
2	3
3	4
2	5
3	6
4	7
4	8
4	9
1	10

 

گرامر و کلمات جدید درس سوم

درس سوم
صفت مقايسه و صفت برابري

  لغات درس سوم

out of reach	دور از دسترس		page	صفحه
outside	خارج از – بيرون از		pan	‌تابه
return	بازگشتن		pocket	جيب
size	اندازه		servant	مستخدم – خدمتكار
solve	حل كردن		sleepy	خواب آلوده
telephone number	شماره تلفن		story	داستان
therefore	بنابراين		than	از
tomato	گوجه فرنگي		time	وقت – زمان
whatever	هرچه كه		until	تا
who	چه كسي – كسي كه		where	كجا – جايي كه
would	گذشته فعل will = مي خواست		wise	عاقل
any body	هيچكس		angry	عصباني
be afraid of	ترس داشتن		as….. as	علامت صفت مقايسه
boiling (adj)	جوشان		boil	جوشاندن
clean (adj)	تميز		by	كنار – به وسيله
Englishman	مرد انگليسي		coat	كت – روپوش
find	پيدا كردن		few	تعداد خيلي كمي
foot	پا		fire	آتش
great	بزرگ		forget	فراموش كردن
If	اگر		high school	‌دبيرستان
leave	ترك كردن		later	بعد - بعداً
might	ممكن است		London	لندن
number	شماره – عدد		move	حركت كردن

 

  دستور زبان

گرامر يا دستور زبان اين درس شامل دو قسمت است. ابتدا صفت مقايسه (برابري) و سپس صفت تفضيلي بيان مي شود كه در زير به شرح آن مي پردازيم.  

  1 – شما مي دانيد كه صفت كلمه اي است كه بر سر اسم مي آيد و آن را توصيف مي كند.

او دختر قد بلندي است .

she is a tall girl .
 

  2 – مي توان چيزها يا انسان ها را از نظر داشتن يك صفت با هم مقايسه كرد. اگر دو چيز از لحاظ داشتن صفت مورد نظر با هم يكسان باشند براي بيان آن، صفت مورد نظر را بين دو كلمه (as ….. as) قرار مي دهيم . مانند :

مينا به بلند قدي مريم است. (مينا هم قد مريم است)

Mina is as tall as maryam.

اين اتومبيل به گراني آن اتومبيل است.

This car is as expensive as that car.

علي به پيري من است . (علي همسن حسن است)

Ali is as old as Hassan.
 

  3 – اگر دو چيز را از لحاظ داشتن صفتي با هم مقايسه كنيم و يكي از آنها صفت مورد نظر را بيش از ديگري داشته باشد،‌براي بيان آن از صفت تفضيلي ( يا صفت برتر) استفاده مي كنيم. براي ساختن صفت تفضيلي به صفت مورد نظر پسوند er‌ را اضافه مي كنيم و پس از آن (از = than) را مي آوريم.

مري قدبلندتر از هلن است.

Mary is taller than Helen.

آين خانه جديدتر از آن خانه است.

This house is newer than that house.

هنري جوان تر از جان است.

Henry is younger than John.
 

  4- پسوند er براي صفاتي به كار مي رود كه يك سيلابي هستند مانند tall , fast, old, young, long, short‌ و غيره .

  5 – همچنين پسوند er براي بعضي صفات دو سيلابي كه به y ختم مي شوند نيز به كار مي رود مانند easy,pretty,heavy,busy و غيره .

  كاربرد زبان

«پرسش درباره خانواده كسي »
Asking about someone's family>> >>

آيا شما از خانواده بزرگي هستيد؟

A – Do you come from a large family .

بله هستم .

B – yes , I do.

در خانواده شما چند نفر وجود دارند؟

A – How many are there in your family?

هفت .

B – seven

شغل پدرتان چيست؟

A – what does your father do ?

او يك دكتر است.

B – He's a doctor.

مادرتان چطور؟

A – what about your mather?

او يك معلم است.

B – she's a teacher.
 

  تمرين
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه هاي داده شده انتخاب كنيد .

1 – Reza is six feet tall. Javad is six feet tall. Reza is …. Javad.
1) older than
2) taller than
3) as old as
4) as tall as

2- Ali is 10 years old. Reza is 15 years old. Ali is ….. Reza.
1) as old as
2) as young as
3) older than
4) younger than

3 – A bus is ……..a car.
1) as large as
2) as fast as
3) larger than
4) faster than

4 – A train is …….a bus.
1) as heavy as
2) as long as
3) longer than
4) heavier than

5 – winter is …..spring.
1) linger than
2) colder than
3) busier than
4) faster than

6 – Boiling water is …..
1) hot
2) cold
3)warm
4)cool

7 – I ………her name. I cant remember her name.
1) returned
2) forgot
3)left
4) found

8 – This problem is not difficult. I can…. It easily.
1) move
2) solve
3) forget
4) return

9 – In this big store, you can find……you need.
1) whenever
2) whatever
3) wherever
4) thing

10 – You can boil water in a …….
1) cup
2) plate
3) pan
4) fork  

  پاسخ :

پاسخ	سوال
4	1
4	2
3	3
3	4
2	5
1	6
2	7
2	8
2	9
3	10

اسم مصدر (به صورت خلاصه )

     اسم مصدر Gerund  

در انگليسي اسم مصدر را با اضافه كردن ing  به انتهاي شكل ساده فعل بوجود مي آورند . اسم مصدر در جمله همانند اسم عمل مي كند .

smoking – swimming – speaking – watching

موارد استفاده از اسم مصدر به شرح زير مي باشد :

1-     به عنوان مبتداي جمله

Learning English is not difficult.

 

2-     به عنوان مفعول جمله كه در اين حالت پس از برخي از افعال بكار ميرود .

I like swimming in the river.

 

تذكر : افعالي كه پس از آنها مي توان از اسم مصدر استفاده كرد عبارتند از :

avoid – enjoy – finish – imagine – keep – mind – miss – like – stop – mind – dislike

تذكر : پس از برخي از افعال هم مي توان از اسم مصدر و هم از مصدر با  to استفاده كرد . تعدادي از اين افعال عبارتند از :

allow – begin – forget – mean – like – prefer – remember – agree

 

He likes to go / going to the park.

 

3-     پس از حروف اضافه مانند : on – in – at – from – of ) ( از اسم مصدر استفاده مي شود .

I am tired of sitting here.

 

4- پس از تركيبات زير از اسم مصدر استفاده مي شود .

It's no good – It's no use – can't help – can't stand

It is no good going outside in this rainy day.

 

يادآوري :اسم مصدر مي تواند به تنهايي يا همراه يك عبارت بكار رود .

Learning is easy.

Learning English is easy.

Learning English at school is easy.

 

1. I’m tired of ……………… on this chair.

    a. sitting               b. sit                      c. sat                      d. to sit

 

2. My brother enjoys ……………… in the river.

    a. swim               b. to swim              c. swimming          d. swam

 

3. Is it dangerous to drive on this road?

No, ……………… on this road is not dangerous.

    a. drove              b. driving                c. drive                  d. drives

به نقل از سایت اقای داوری

گرامر و کلمات درس دوم

درس دوم
کاربرد it به عنوان فاعل ، Should

  لغات درس دوم

kilometer	كيلومتر		green	سبز
who is it on the phone ?	چه كسي روي خط تلفن است ؟		important	مهم
who's that man ?	آن مرد كيست ؟		japan	ژاپن
grass	علف - گياه – سبزه		jungle	جنگل
where do you come from ?	شما اهل كجا هستيد؟		land	زمين
what do you do ?	شغل شما چيست ؟		laugh	خنديدن
travel	مسافرت رفتن – سفر كردن		meter	متر
take an exam	امتحان دادن		monkey	ميمون
stand in line	به خط ايستادن		necessary	لازم
‌ go up	بالارفتن		north	شمال
He's from	او اهل .... است ؟		top	بالا
get late	ديرشدن		quite	كاملاً
funny	جالب – بامزه		ripe	رسيده
full (of sth)	پر (از چيزي)		Asia	آسيا
fix	‌ثابت كردن – تعمير كردن		awake	‌بيدار
field	مزرعه – ميدان		back	پشت
farmhand	دستيار كشاورز		better	بهتر
farm	مزرعه		clever	باهوش
for (from)	دور (از)		cloudy	ابري
drop down	پايين انداختن		coconut	نارگيل
dialog	مكالمه – گفتگو		cold	سرد
dark	تيره – تاريك		cow	گاو
correctly	به درستي		Europe	اروپا
as	به عنوان		exam	امتحان
‌climb	بالارفتن		something	چيزي
also	هم – هم چنين		spring	بهار
snow	‌برف – برف باريدن		stay	ماندن
raise	پرورش دادن		thirsty	تشنه
post office	دفتر پست		Turkey	تركيه
piece	تكه – قطعه		understand	فهميدن
pick	چيدن – برداشتن		village	دهكده
make	ساختن – درست كردن		weather	هوا
long	دراز – طويل		which	كدام
have a cold	سرماخوردگي داشتن		winter	زمستان
It's me	من هستم .... منم.		How for	چه قدر فاصله است .... ؟
			keep	نگه داشتن

 

  دستور زبان

گرامر يا دستور زبان اين درس درباره «استفاده از It به عنوان فاعل جمله و كاربرد should در جملات انگليسي مي باشد كه در زير به شرح آن مي پردازيم.  

  1 – شما قبلاً با It به معناي «آن» يا «او» به عنوان ضمير آشنا شده ايد. اكنون در اين درس مي بينيد كه It مي تواند به عنوان فاعل جمله به كار رود. مانند

روز سردي است .

It is a cold day.

چيدن گل كار مشكلي است.

It is hard to pick the flower.
 

  2 – It همراه مشتقات فعل be و يك عبارت اسمي ، يك صفت يا يك فعل مانند rain، snow و غيره به كار مي رود. به چند مثال توجه كنيد.

It isn't very late.

‌خيلي دير شده است.

It is raining.

‌باران مي بارد.

It is 5 o'clock.

ساعت 5 است

It is easy to learn English.

ياد گرفتن انگليسي كار آساني است .
 

  3 – دقت كنيد كه در اين جمله ها It‌معناي واقعي ندارد و فقط براي اين به كار مي رود كه جاي فاعل را در جمله پر كند. بنابراين آن را معني نمي كنيم. مانند :

وقت ناهار است .

It is time for lunch.

براي معني كردن جمله فوق نمي گوييم «آن وقت ناهار است» بلكه مي گوييم «وقت ناهار است».
 

  4 – شما در درس قبل با فعل ( must = بايد) آشنا شديد. در اين درس با فعل كمكي should به معناي بايستن نيز اشنا مي شويد. Should معناي بايستن و اجبار را مي رساند ولي مثل فعل must به معناي جبر و قانون نيست بلكه يك وظيفه اخلاقي را مي رساند . يا كاري كه اگر انجام شود بهتر است. به عبارت ديگر sould , must هر دو به معناي «بايد» هستند. ولي should از must‌ ضعيف تر است.

او بايد امشب مطالعه كند

He should study tonight.
 

  5 – بعد از فعل كمكي should فعل اصلي به صورت ساده (مصدر بدون to) به كار مي رود.

She is sick today. She should stay in bed.

او امروز بيمار است. او بايد در رختخواب بماند.
 

  6 – براي سؤالي ساختن با should بايد should را به اول جمله بياوريم ؟

آيا او بايد امشب مطالعه كند؟

should he study tonight ?
 

  7- براي منفي ساختن از should not و يا مخفف آن shouldn't ‌استفاده مي كنيم.

آنها نبايد كلاس را ترك كنند.

They shouldn't leave the class.
 

  كاربرد زبان

«دريافتن درباره اشخاص»
finding out about people

شما اهل كجا هستيد؟

A – where do you came from?

من اهل ژاپن هستم .

B- I come from japan .

شغل شما چيست؟

A- what do you do ?

من يك معلم هستم .

B- I'm a teacher.

آدرس شما چيست؟

A – what's your address?

خيابان آزادي شماره 172

B - 172 Azadi Avenue.  

  تمرين
پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه هاي داده شده انتخاب كنيد.

1 – what time is it ?"……… is 10 o'clock.
1) this
2) that
3) it
4) the

2 – what day is today?" ……..is Sunday."
1) this
2) that
3) it
4) _

3 – How far is …….from here to your school?
1) it
2) this
3) these
4) that

4 – who is on the phone? "………is me ".
1) it
2) she
3) he
4) that

5 – It is ………….today.
1) rain
2)cloudy
3)snow
4)wind

6- They should …….early today morning.
1) get up
2) to get up
3) pot up
4) getting up

7– she has a test tomorrow. She should …. Hard to night.
1) to study
2) study
3) studied
4) have studied

8 – "……….."? I'm a doctor.
1) where are you form?
2) what's your name?
3) where do you come from?
4) what do you do ?

9 – where …..? I come from Tehran.
1) are you come from.
2) do you come from
3) are you come.
4) do you come.

10 – Is it raining or snowing? It ……….

1) is cloudy
2) is windy
3) is snowing
4) raining  

  پاسخ :

پاسخ	سوال
3	1
3	2
1	3
1	4
2	5
1	6
2	7
4	8
2	9
4	10

گرامر درس دوم some , any

 

نكـــــاتي درباره ي no-any-some

 

some به معني مقداري يا تعدادي صفت مقدار مي باشد و مي تواند قبل از اسمهاي قابل شمارش جـمع و همچنين قبل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار رود .

 

I have some books.

I have some money.

Some

 اغلب در جمــلات مثبت بــكار مي رود و معادل آن در جملات منفي و سـوالي كلمه ي any  به معني هيچ يا اصــلأ مي باشد . توضيح اينكه any همــانند some مـي تواند هم قبـل از اسمهاي قابــل شمارش جمع و هم قبل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار رود .

 

There are some pens on the table.

There are not any pens on the table.

Are there any pens on the table?

 

 تذكر1 : در جمـــلات منفي مي توانيم تركيب not any را حذف كرده و بجاي آنــــها كلمـه ي no را قـرار دهيم . no نيز همــانند some و any هم قبل از اسمهاي قابــــل شمارش جمـع و هم قبــــل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار مي رود .

تذكر2 : no در جملات مثبت بكار مي رود ولي به جمله مفهوم منفي مي بخشد .

 

There are not any pens on the table.

There are no pens on the table.

 

I did not drink any milk.

I drank no milk.

 

 يادآوري :كلمات مركبي كه با some – any و no ساخته مي شوند نيزاز قوانين فوق پيروي مي كنند.

somebody – someone - something

anybody – anyone - anything

nobody - no one - nothing

 

I see somebody in the library.

She didn't eat anything.

You will say nothing.

 

زير گرينه ي درست خط بكشيد.

1. I didn't see …………….. money in the box .

a.any                    b.no                          c.many                        d.some             

 

2. Do you see ……………. snow on the ground ?

a.no                      b.many                     c.any                           d.some

 

3. There is …………… water in the glass.

a.no                      b.some                     c.little                          d.a,b and c

 

4. I didn’t ask …………… to help me.

a.nobody              b.somebody                c.anybody                      d.a and c

گرامر درس اول و نمونه سوال

گرامر يا دستور زبان اين درس شامل دو بخش است. قسمت اول آن درباره كاربرد فعل كمكي couldn’t (گذشته cant) و قسمت دوم آن درباره كاربرد had to مي باشد. در زير به شرح اين دو قسمت مي پردازيم.  

 

  1 – شما قبلاً با فعل كمكي can به معناي توانستن و اجازه داشتن آشنا شده ايد. فعل كمكي can را همراه not به صورت كامل و يا شكل مخفف آن cant جهت منفي كردن به كار مي برند.

I can speak English.

‌من مي توانم انگليسي صحبت كنم

I cant speak English.

من نمي توانم انگليسي صحبت كنم (حالت منفي )
 

 

  2 – گذشته فعل كمكي can ، فعل كمكي could مي باشد. فعل كمكي could را همراه not به صورت كامل و يا شكل مخفف آن couldn’t جهت منفي كردن به كار مي برند.

I could speak English last year.

من پارسال مي توانستم انگليسي صحبت كنم

I couldn’t speak English last year.

من پارسال نمي توانستم انگليسي صحبت كنم (حالت منفي )
 

 

  3 – براي سؤالي ساختن با could، بايد could را به ابتداي جمله بياوريم.

آيا شما پارسال مي توانستيد انگليسي صحبت كنيد؟ (حالت سؤالي)

Could you speak English last year?
 

 

  4 – شما قبلاً با فعل كمكي must به معناي اجبارداشتن كه براي زمان حال و آينده به كار مي رود، آشنا شده ايد. براي بيان بايستن يا اجبار داشتن در گذشته از فعل كمكي had to استفاده مي كنيم. در جمله پس از must‌ يا had to فعل به صورت ساده (مصدر بدون to) به كار مي رود.

او بايد امروز به مدرسه برود . (زمان حال)

She must go to school today.

او بايد ديروز به مدرسه مي رفت. (زمان گذشته)

She had to go to school yesterday.

من بايد سؤالات پاسخ بدهم . (زمان حال)

I must answer the questions.

من بايد ديشب به سؤالات پاسخ مي دادم (زمان گذشته)

I had to answer the questions last night.
 

 

  5- به جدول زير توجه كنيد.

حال		گذشته
Can	→	Could
Must , have to	→	Had to

 

 

  كاربرد زبان

«پرسيدن اسم كسي»
Asking somones name

1 – A : Excuse me ,Are you Henry?

ببخشيد، آيا شما هنري هستيد ؟

B : Yes , And what's your name?

بله و اسم شما چيست؟

A : I'm John.

من جان هستم

On the phone
روي خط تلفن

2- A : May I speak to Mr. Amini?

مي توانم با آقاي اميني صحبت كنم ؟

B: yes, just a moment please.

بله ، لطفاً يك لحظه صبر كنيد

.Introducing a friend
«معرفي يك دوست »

3 – A : I'd like you to meet my friend Henry. ‌

من ميل دارم كه شما با دوستم هنري آشنا شويد.

B: Glad to meet you Henry.

‌از ديدارتان خوشبختم هنري

C: Nice to meet you too.

من هم از ديدارتان خوشبختم

 

 

  تمرين :

پاسخ صحيح را از ميان گزينه هاي داده شده انتخاب كنيد .

1- I can write English now. I …. Write English 2 years ago.
1) can't
2) couldn't
3) have to
4) didn't have to

2 – please …… to what I say.
1)grow up
2) grow
3)pay for
4) pay ottention

3 – when I ….., I will buy a motor-bicycle.
1) become
2) pay attention
3)grow up
4) grow

4 – we need some ….. for the salad.
1) milk
2) tomatoes
3) flowers
4) water

5 – she…… pay for dinner last dinner last night.
1) has to
2) have to
3) had to
4) must

6 – The old man was sick. He….. see a doctor.
1) had to
2) must
3) should
4) has to

7 – They didn’t have a car. They had to … a taxi.
1) take
2) takeing
3) took
4) taken

8 – Ali is very tired. He …. Rest at home.
1) have to
2) could
3) has to
4) souldn't

9 – I can play ping – pong now. I …. Play ping – pong before.
1) can't
2) shouldn't
3) couldn't
4)mustn't

10 – They didn't have enough money so they … buy that car.
1) had to
2) can't
3) mustn't
4) couldn't  

 

  پاسخ :

پاسخ	سوال
2	1
2	2
3	3
2	4
3	5
1	6
1	7
3	8
3	9
4	10

 

گرمر درس دوم )اسم مصدر یا افعال اسمی

اسم مصدر یا افعال اسمی(Gerunds) : این نکات مربوط به درس دوم سال سوم دبیرستان می باشد.

وقتی يک فعل با "ing" ختم می شود، آن فعل يا فعل اسمی است و يا present participle( زمان حال، فرمی از فعل که مانند صفت عمل می کند.)

هنگامی که از فعل ing دار شبيه به اسم استفاده کنيم معمولا Gerunds خواهد بود:

·         Fishing is fun.

هنگامی که از فعل ing دار شبيه به فعل و يا صفت استفاده کنيم ، معمولا present participle است:

·         Anthony is Fishing.    

     I have a boring teacher.

در اين درس نگاهی خواهيم داشت به روشهای مختلفی که از Gerund ها استفاده می کنيم.

افعال اسمی پس از افعال اصلی ( Gerunds after certain verbs) :

گاهی اوقات يک فعل را بعد از يک فعل ديگر به کار می بريم. در اين حالت فعل دوم معمولا به شکل ريشه استفاده می شود:

·         I want to eat.

ولی بعضی وقتها فعل دوم بايد فعل اسمی باشد :

·         I dislike eating.

اين موضوع به فعل اولی بستگی دارد. در زير ليستی از افعال را می بينيد که فعل بعد از آنها معمولا در غالب Gerunds می باشد :

·         admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand.

به مثال های زير توجه کنيد :

·         She is considering having a holiday.

·         Do you feel like going out?

·         I can't stand not seeing you.

برخی افعال هستند که چندان فرقی نمی کند که به چه شکلی به کار روند :

·         I like to play tennis.

·         I like playing tennis.

·         It started to rain.

·         It started raining.

افعال اسمی به عنوان فاعل، شیء و يا تکميل کننده.

Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement

مانند هر اسمی افعال اسمی نيز می توانند فاعل، شیء و يا تکميل کننده جمله باشند:

·         Smoking costs a lot of money.

·         I don't like writing.

·         My favorite occupation is reading.

و همانند  فعل می تواند خودش يک شیء داشته باشد. در اين حالت تمام عبارت [Gerund + Object] می تواند فاعل، شیء و يا تکميل کننده جمله باشد:

·         Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.

·         I don't like writing letters.

·         My favorite occupation is reading detective stories.

همانند يک اسم می توانند adjective (وابسته- صفت) های خود را داشته باشند:

·         The settling of debts.

·         his drinking of alcohol.

·         pointless questioning.

·         a settling of debts( not settling debts).

·         Making "Titanic" was expensive.

·         The making of "Titanic" was expensive.

افعال اسمی  پس از حروف اضافه (Gerunds after Prepositions) :

اگر بخواهيم فعلی را بعد از يک حرف اضافه بکار ببريم، بايد به شکل Gerund باشد و غير از اين ناممکن است.

• I will call you after arriving at the office.
• Please, have a drink before leaving.
• I am looking forward to meeting you.
• Do you object to working late?
• Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

توجه داشته باشيد که شما می توانيد به جای تمامی افعال اسمی فوق از اسم واقعی استفاده کنيد:

• I will call you after arriving at the office.
• Please have a drink before leaving.
• I am looking forward to meeting you.
• Do you object to working late?
• Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

در به کار بردن Gerunds پس از حروف اضافه هيچ حالت خاصی وجود ندارد، پس چرا در مثال زير پس از to يکبار drive و بار ديگر driving آمده است؟

• I am used to driving on the left.
• I used to drive on the left.

جواب اين است که در حالت اول to يک حرف اضافه است ولی در مثال دوم to drive به عنوان مصدر و ريشه به کار رفته است و to بيانگر حرف اضافه نيست.

نحوه استفاده از used to

عبارت used to  در زمان گذشته به کار می رود و بیانگر عمل یا عادتی که در گذشته انجام می گیرد و در زمان حال متوقف شده است بعد از این عبارت فعل بعد از آن همیشه به صورت ساده نوشته می شود. تلفظ آن به صورت (یوست) می باشد.

I used to study English at night.

I used to go to take the bus to work.

I used to visit my relatives on Fridays.

I used to exercise in the morning.

برای منفی و سوالی کردن عبارت used to  به شکل زیر عمل می کنیم.

I did not use to  study English at night.

I did not use to go to take the bus to work.

I did not use to visit my relatives on Fridays.

I did not use to exercise in the morning.